The study aims to identify, evaluate, and recommend solutions for different constraints farmers face while investing in farms. The primary data was collected from 200 farm households using a three-stage random sampling approach pertaining to the year 2020-21. The constraints were divided into five main groups: assets and resources, awareness and flexibility, socioeconomic, institutional and infrastructural, and miscellaneous constraints. ‘Hilly terrain with steep slopes’ with GMS (Garret Mean Score) of 58.07, was identified the highest under resource and asset constraints. The farmers' limited awareness and adaptability issues was most severe concerning ‘lack of risk-bearing capacity’ with GMS of 60.39. Moreover, with GMS of 61.59, data on socioeconomic constraints points to ‘low crop yield’ as one of the major obstacles in agricultural investment. Further, ‘poor road connection’ was identified as barrier with GMS of 58.53 under institutional and infrastructural constraints. Under miscellaneous constraints, highest problem was reported on ‘destruction of field by wild and stray animals’ with GMS of 54.67. Constraints highlighted in the study was interconnected and require a comprehensive approach to enhance farmers' investment capabilities. Essential developed policies specifically for hill agriculture were required for considering ways to mitigate the difficulties in farm investment.

The two well-known species that cause fascioliasis, or liver rot disease, are Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Although it has spread to every continent, South America, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Oceania have been particularly affected. Worldwide, fasciolosis infection is a serious health issue for animals. In addition to causing unfavorable conditions that impact animal health, the infection may lower the amount and quality of animal products, such as meat, milk, and wool. An intermediate host for liver flukes is the freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus. One important strategy for lowering fascioliasis may be to keep the snail population below threshold levels. In this study, the effects of Leucas aspera leaf powder and its organic extracts (acetone, chloroform, and ether) were investigated. The column extract was used as a molluscicide against the snail I. exustus. Six replicates were used to observe host snail mortality at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of exposure. Without any treatment, the control snail group was maintained in an identical volume of water (three liters) with ten snails. The LC50 of L. aspera dried leaf powder against I. exustus was 192.31 mg/l at 24 hours and 183.13 mg/l at 96 hours. The ether extract of L. aspera dry leaf powder was more toxic to I. exustus (24-hour LC50: 179.32 mg/l). Column purified fraction of dried leaf powder of L. aspera had LC50 values of 173.51 and 164.03 mg/l at 24 and 96 hours, respectively. The outcomes of this investigation showed that various leaf products of L. aspera had strong molluscicidal effects, and their formulations might serve as useful molluscicides.