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P- ISSN: 0976-1675
E- ISSN: 2249-4538

© CARAS (Centre for Advanced Research in Agricultural Sciences)
NAAS Score: 4.56

Volume- 17 - May-June 2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 256–265
Iram Mushtaq*1 and Iflah Mushtaq2
1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - 202 001, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazaratbal - 190 006, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
Agriculture remains a fundamental pillar of global food security and rural livelihoods, yet the intensification of conventional farming through heavy reliance on synthetic inputs has led to significant environmental degradation, including soil depletion, water contamination, biodiversity loss, and climate change impacts. In response, organic farming has emerged as a sustainable alternative that emphasizes ecological balance, resource conservation, and the avoidance of synthetic chemicals. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development, principles, and modern applications of organic farming, highlighting its evolution from traditional practices to a scientifically validated agricultural system. It discusses key components such as soil health management, biodiversity conservation, ecological balance, animal welfare, and sustainable resource use, which collectively contribute to long-term agricultural sustainability. The study also examines the role of organic farming in modern agriculture, including the integration of emerging technologies, improved crop varieties, and efficient resource management techniques. Furthermore, a comparative analysis between the Green Revolution and organic farming is presented, emphasizing the trade-offs between productivity and sustainability. The environmental benefits of organic farming, including enhanced soil fertility, improved water quality, and climate change mitigation, are also explored, alongside the challenges of lower yields, higher labor requirements, and certification constraints. Overall, organic farming is identified as a holistic and resilient approach that integrates traditional knowledge with modern innovations, offering a viable pathway toward sustainable agricultural development and long-term food security.

Iram Mushtaq*1 and Iflah Mushtaq2 Click here to download file

Research Review | Published online : 02-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 266–275
Archana G. Basargi1, Mhalappa N. Jagtap2 and Parashuram Patroti*3
1 School of Life Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar, Solapur University, Kegaon, Solapur - 413 255, Maharashtra, India 2 S. B. P. Arts, Commerce, and Science College, Mandrup, Solapur - 413 221, Maharashtra, India 3 ICAR- Indian Institute of Millets Research, Regional Station, Centre on Rabi Sorghum, Shelgi, Solapur - 413 006, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
The study evaluates the agro-morphological performance of F4 Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-cross derivatives in post-rainy season sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) at the regional station, Solapur, Maharashtra, during 2023-24. Utilizing a Randomized Block Design, 25 successful multi-parent cross combinations derived from 18 diverse founder lines were assessed for 11 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant genetic differences (P<0.01) across all traits, including substantial selection potential within the population. The F4 population achieved remarkable genetic gains over parental means, specifically in grain weight (97.25%), panicle weight (89.54%), and fodder weight (63.40%), while successfully maintaining the early maturity essential for moisture stressed rabi environments. High broad-sense heritability (h2>80%) was observed for all traits, with grain weight (72.34%) and fodder yield (73.23%) showing exceptional genetic advance as a percentage of mean, suggesting that these yield traits are primarily governed by additive gene action and are highly responsive to selection. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that grain weight has strong positive associations with panicle weight (0.96) and panicle width (0.80). Principle Component Analysis indicated that the first three components accounted for 74.13% of total variation, with PC1 (42.89%) primarily driven by yield-contributing traits, effectively clustering superior genotypes such as G12 and G14. Ultimately, the MAGIC strategy successfully broadened the genetic base, enabling the recombination of favourable alleles to develop high yielding, climate resilient sorghum varieties in post-rainy sorghum.

Archana G. Basargi1, Mhalappa N. Jagtap2 and Parashuram Patroti*3 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 05-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 276–281
Kalyani Kumari*1, Kalyanrao2, Banoth Vinesh3, Sripathy K. V.4 and Uday Bhaskar K5
1-5 ICAR-National Institute of Seed Science and Technology, Mau - 275 103, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Seed vigour is a critical component of seed quality that determines the potential of a seed lot to germinate rapidly, establish uniformly, and perform well under diverse field conditions. Farmers frequently encounter poor crop establishment despite acceptable laboratory germination, underscoring the need for reliable vigour assessment. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of different laboratory-based seed vigour parameters in predicting field emergence (FE) across fifteen seed lots of paddy (Oryza sativa L.). Radicle emergence, mean germination time (MGT), germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour indices (VI-I and VI-II), germination factor (GF), seedling factor (SF), germination seedling factor (GSF), and field emergence were assessed following ISTA procedures. Significant variability was observed among seed lots for all parameters. Correlation analysis revealed that germination percentage, Vigour Index-I, and germination factor showed strong and significant positive association with field emergence, whereas VI-II, SF, and GSF showed weak or non-significant relationships. The study concludes that combining germination percentage with Vigour Index-I provides a robust and practical approach for predicting field performance of paddy seed lots.

Kalyani Kumari*1, Kalyanrao2, Banoth Vinesh3, Sripathy K. V.4 and Uday Bhaskar K5 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 07-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 282–287
Kavita Bhati*1 and Payal Juneja2
1 Research Scholar, Department of Botany, S. K. D. University, Hanumangarh - 335 801, Rajasthan, India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, S. K. D. University, Hanumangarh - 335 801, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters of water of four different conventional and major source of fresh water bodies namely Lakha Sagar Ren, Tankala pond, Lakholav Mundwa and Kansolav Rol located at Nagaur District Western Rajasthan India, over a period of one year from July 2024 to June 2025. The analyzed parameters included air temperature, water temperature, turbidity, pH, specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved solids, carbonate, total alkalinity, biological oxygen demand, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride and nitrate. The results showed that highest value of most of these parameters (including Specific conductivity, dissolved solids, carbonate, total alkalinity, biological oxygen demand, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride and nitrate) was observed in pre-monsoon season while the values were lowest in monsoon season. This occurred because monsoon season leads to dilution of dissolved ions and increased turbidity owing to land and agricultural runoff, whereas the pre-monsoon season is marked by relatively higher evaporation rate leading to higher concentrations of dissolved substances with reduced water volume. On the other hand, winter conditions tend to favour higher dissolved oxygen levels and lower biological activity.

Kavita Bhati*1 and Payal Juneja2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 11-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 288–294
Anil Singh Rawat*1, Sheela Kharkwal2, Gopesh Kumari3 and Priyesh Ranjan4
1 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Economics, C. P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, S. K. Nagar - 385 506, Gujarat, India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur - 303 329, Rajasthan, India 3 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Economics, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner - 334 006, Rajasthan, India 4 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Economics, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) play an important role in improving farmers’ access to inputs, credit, technology, and markets through collective action. However, limited evidence exists on their impact in perennial floriculture crops. The present study assessed the economics of rose cultivation under FPO and non-FPO systems in Rajasthan. Primary data were collected during 2023–24 from 80 rose growers (40 FPO and 40 non-FPO farmers) in Pushkar region of Ajmer district. The study compared establishment cost, maintenance cost, returns, discounted feasibility indicators, and production constraints. The total establishment cost was lower for FPO farmers (₹1,75,499/ha) than non-FPO farmers (₹1,79,560/ha). Maintenance cost during Years 2–10 was ₹8,69,178/ha for FPO farmers and ₹8,85,081/ha for non-FPO farmers. FPO farmers consistently realized higher returns, with cumulative gross returns of ₹61.77 lakh/ha compared to ₹50.28 lakh/ha for non-FPO farmers. Discounted analysis showed higher profitability among FPO farmers, with Net Present Value of ₹28.52 lakh/ha, Benefit–Cost ratio of 5.37, and Payback Period of 1.35 years, against ₹21.87 lakh/ha, 4.28, and 1.46 years, respectively, for non-FPO farmers. Major constraints included high planting material cost, shortage of skilled labour, lack of quality seedlings, and inadequate processing facilities. The study concludes that FPO participation enhances profitability and investment efficiency in rose cultivation.

Anil Singh Rawat*1, Sheela Kharkwal2, Gopesh Kumari3 and Priyesh Ranjan4 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 13-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 295–298
Gopesh Kumari*1, P. S. Shekhawat2, Sheela Kharkwal3, Sonu Jain4, Anil Singh Rawat5 and Priyesh Ranjan6
1 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner - 334 006, Rajasthan, India 2-4 Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur - 303 329, Rajasthan, India 5 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Economics, C. P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, S. K. Nagar - 385 506, Gujarat, India 6 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Economics, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
Efficient utilization of production resources is essential for improving productivity and profitability in garlic cultivation. The present study was conducted in Baran district of Rajasthan to examine the resource use efficiency in garlic cultivation. Primary data were collected from 80 garlic growers during the agricultural year 2023-24 through personal interview method using a structured schedule. The collected data were analyzed using Cobb-Douglas production function and marginal value product to marginal factor cost ratio for estimating resource use efficiency of major inputs in garlic cultivation. The results revealed that the coefficient of multiple determination (R²) was 0.41, indicating that 41 per cent variation in gross returns from garlic cultivation was explained by the selected independent variables included in the model. The regression analysis showed that fertilizer, human labour and plant protection chemicals had positive association with gross returns, whereas machine labour, seed, manure and irrigation showed negative association. Resource use efficiency analysis indicated that human labour, machine labour, seed, manure and irrigation were overutilized, whereas fertilizer and plant protection chemicals were underutilized in garlic cultivation. This implies that profitability in garlic cultivation can be improved by reducing the use of overutilized inputs and increasing the use of underutilized inputs to attain optimum resource allocation. The study concluded that rational allocation of production resources can significantly enhance efficiency and profitability of garlic cultivation in the study area.

Gopesh Kumari*1, P. S. Shekhawat2, Sheela Kharkwal3, Sonu Jain4, Anil Singh Rawat5 and Priyesh Ranjan6 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 14-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 299–302
Srividya Rani N*1, T. Lakshmi2 and P. V. Sathya Gopal3
1 Scientist (Extension), Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Dr. Y. S. R. Horticultural University), Vonipenta, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Professor and Head, Department of Extension, Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India 3 Professor, District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centre (DAATTC), Narasaraopeta, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
The present study was conducted to identify and analyze the constraints faced by groundnut growers in the adoption of sustainable cultivation practices in groundnut cultivation in Chittoor and Ananthapur districts of Andhra Pradesh during 2025–26. An ex-post facto research design was employed for the study. A total sample of 180 groundnut farmers was selected through multistage random sampling technique from six mandals and twelve villages of the selected districts. Primary data were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule. The identified constraints were categorized into technical, financial/economic, personal, support and services, agro-climatic, and marketing and processing constraints. The severity of constraints was analyzed using a three-point continuum and ranked based on mean scores. The findings revealed that among technical constraints, high weed intensity (Mean = 1.422) emerged as the most severe constraint followed by incidence of pests and diseases (1.150) and problematic soils (0.817). Under financial constraints, high wage rates (1.656) was perceived as the major constraint followed by high cost of seed material (1.200) and high cost of fertilizers and pesticides (1.172). In the category of personal constraints, lack of awareness on sustainable cultivation practices (0.883) ranked first, followed by unwillingness of farmers to take risk (0.833). Regarding support and services, inadequate supply of high yielding quality seed material (1.005) and inadequate availability of manures and bio-fertilizers (1.000) were the major constraints. Among agro-climatic constraints, untimely rains (1.194) and drought at critical stages of crop growth (1.050) were identified as the most serious problems affecting sustainable cultivation. In marketing and processing constraints, lack of information about prices and markets (1.022) and exploitation by market intermediaries and local dealers (0.950) were perceived as the major issues by the respondents. The study concluded that groundnut farmers faced multifaceted constraints in adopting sustainable cultivation practices, particularly related to labour costs, weed management, climate variability, inadequate quality inputs, lack of technical awareness, and marketing inefficiencies. Strengthening extension services, ensuring timely availability of quality inputs, promoting climate-resilient technologies, improving market intelligence systems, and enhancing institutional support mechanisms may significantly improve the adoption of sustainable groundnut cultivation practices among farmers.

Srividya Rani N*1, T. Lakshmi2 and P. V. Sathya Gopal3 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 16-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 303–308
Akash Singh1, A. P. Verma2, P. K. Ojha3, B. K. Gupta4, Dheeraj Mishra5, B. P. Mishra6, R. K. Rai7, Annu8, R. K. Singh9 and Divya Katiyar10
1 Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication, C. P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar - 385 506, Gujarat, India 2-5 Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, CoA, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda - 210 001, Uttar Pradesh, India 6 Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, CoA, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda - 210 001, Uttar Pradesh, India 7 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda - 210 001, Uttar Pradesh, India 8 Assistant Professor, Department of Basic and Social Science, CoA, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda - 210 001, Uttar Pradesh, India 9 Scientist, Agricultural Extension, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Khargone - 451 001, Madhya Pradesh, India 10 Research Scholar, Department of Extension Education, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
The study was conducted in 2024 across the Banda, Jhansi, and Chitrakoot districts of the Bundelkhand region in India. Exploratory research design was used and a total of 180 respondents were selected using random sampling methods, ensuring an unbiased representation of the population across the study areas. The results revealed the key push factors, such as limited landholding (GMS: 135.05), crop failure (GMS: 129.16), and rainfed agriculture (GMS: 117.45), which force individuals to leave their homes in search of better opportunities. Unemployment, landlessness, and lack of education further exacerbate the situation. At the same time, pull factors like better employment opportunities (GMS: 168), higher wages (GMS: 144.78), and the growth of industries and housing sectors (GMS: 112.73) attract migrants to urban areas. Additional influences include better transportation, communication networks, and access to healthcare and education. The study reveals that both push and pull factors work in tandem to drive the migration of rural youth, as they seek better livelihoods, security, and socio-economic stability. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing policies aimed at mitigating rural exodus and addressing the underlying factors pushing youth to leave their native areas. The findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of migration in Bundelkhand and can help inform policy interventions to improve rural livelihoods.

Akash Singh1, A. P. Verma2, P. K. Ojha3, B. K. Gupta4, Dheeraj Mishra5, B. P. Mishra6, R. K. Rai7, Annu8, R. K. Singh9 and Divya Katiyar10 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 18-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 309–313
Vishal M. Hiwale*1 and Ashok M. Chavan2
1-2 Department of Botany, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Chhatrapati, Sambhajinagar - 431 004, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
The present study investigated the comparative disease incidence (DI %) of major fungal diseases affecting three important cucurbit crops, bitter gourd, cucumber, and muskmelon, across three distinct growing seasons, namely, Kharif, Rabi, and Summer. Six prevalent diseases, viz., Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, downy mildew, Alternaria leaf blight, Cercospora leaf spot, and anthracnose, were assessed under natural epiphytotic conditions. The results revealed significant seasonal variation in disease incidence among the crops. During the kharif and rabi seasons, downy mildew was the most dominant disease, with the highest DI recorded in muskmelon (67.21%, 79.64%), followed by cucumber (59.36%, 76.79%), and bitter gourd (48.86%, 67.21%). In the summer season, powdery mildew and fusarium wilt emerged as the most severe diseases across all crops, with the highest DI in muskmelon (73.64%, 53.79%), cucumber (67.00%, 48.79%), and bitter gourd (46.50%, 32.36%). Whereas Anthracnose, Alternaria leaf blight and Cercospora leaf spot cause severe infection in Kharif but decline significantly during Rabi and summer. Overall, muskmelon and cucumber showed greater susceptibility to major fungal diseases than bitter gourd across seasons. The marked influence of seasonal environmental factors on disease development underscores the need for season- and crop-specific management strategies to enhance cucurbit productivity across diverse agroclimatic conditions.

Vishal M. Hiwale*1 and Ashok M. Chavan2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 19-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 314–321
Saoud Sarwar1, Aizad Khursheed2 and Abul Saeed Azad*3
1 Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar - 110 062, New Delhi, India 2 Electrical Engineering Department, Amity University, Greater Noida - 201 310, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Independent Researcher (Power Systems & Renewable Energy), Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar - 110 062, New Delhi
Abstract
The increase in extreme weather events and environmental degradation demands new computational approaches for accurate forecasting and green management. Traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are computationally expensive and struggle with resolution and data assimilation, despite being effective and high capacity. The proposal in this work is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) hybrid framework featuring machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models with atmospheric and climate datasets to improve forecast accuracy, reduce computing costs and improve temporal-spatial resolution of environmental simulation. The framework consists of transformer models, spatiotemporal neural networks, and physics-constrained AI models to forecast weather events, air quality indices, and greenhouse gas (GHG) levels. Our project develops an extensible and sustainable AI pipeline that continuously learns from satellite images, sensor networks, and community open climate data sources (e.g., NASA EarthData, Copernicus). Expected outcomes are improved accuracy of short-term forecasts, reduced computational energy costs, and actionable insights for strategic decision making by policy-makers and intelligent city infrastructure planners.

Saoud Sarwar1, Aizad Khursheed2 and Abul Saeed Azad*3 Click here to download file

Research Review | Published online : 21-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 322–328
Masud Ul Haque1 and Abdur Rashid Ahmed*2
1 Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Campus, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur - 782 402, Assam, India 2 Assistant Professor (Senior), Department of Economics, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Campus, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur - 782 402, Assam, India
Abstract
NITI Aayog's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) reveals the poverty rate in the Indian state of Assam is about 14.5 percent which is more than double of the national average in 2022-23. However, the study shows the ground reality is entirely different both in terms of magnitude and incidence. Based on primary data of 450 households covering 31 villages including both Char and Plain areas, the study measures headcount ratio (HCR), poverty gap (PG), squared gap (SG), Sen index, and Sen-Shorroks-Thon (SST) index, at purchasing power parity (PPP) poverty lines of 2017, 2022, and 2025. Besides, the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficients are also used to analyze the income distribution. The major conclusions are that Assam consistently suffers in dire poverty practically showing all households below the global poverty line (HCR = 0.996). In addition, the level of poverty and its severity are growing as time goes on and the poverty gap ratio (PGR) is growing to 0.761 and the squared poverty gap ratio (SPGR) to 0.592. There is also a significant increase in the Sen and SST indices, which indicates the exacerbated poverty crisis. Notably, the measures of poverty indicate insignificant regional inequalities. Conversely, the income inequality is different: Char households have a homogenous low Gini coefficient of 0.203, and Plain areas have a larger Gini of 0.301, which represents different income distributions on an identical low-income background. These findings indicate that the issue of poverty in Assam is extensive and increasingly becoming worse, which means that prior interventions have been insufficient. It is recommended to use a multi-layered, customized policy that would involve both short-term aid in the form of cash transfers and food aid and long-term investment in infrastructure, education, and health amenities. The solution of resilience infrastructures and climate-adaptation in Char localities and social programs that would embrace marginalized people in the plains are crucial and region-specific. Such a holistic, place-sensitive approach is thus considered essential in alleviating poverty in Assam setting.

Masud Ul Haque1 and Abdur Rashid Ahmed*2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 23-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 329–339
Kranti Singh1, Shishir Srivastava2 and Vishal*3
1 Professor, Department of Commerce, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Government Girls P. G. College Aliganj, Lucknow - 226 024, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Assistant Professor, Rajkiya Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Sheikh Sarai, Sitapur - 261 402, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow - 226 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Agricultural insurance has emerged as a pivotal instrument for managing farm-level risk and enhancing the socio-economic resilience of farming communities in developing agrarian economies. Despite the Government of India's concerted policy efforts most notably the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY, 2016) awareness and adoption of agricultural insurance among smallholder farmers in Uttar Pradesh remain critically low. This paper presents a conceptual framework and systematic secondary data review examining the role of agricultural insurance as a tool for the empowerment of farmers in Uttar Pradesh. Drawing on published literature, government data, and comparative international evidence, the study identifies five primary dimensions of farmer empowerment financial resilience, economic decision-making autonomy, social capital, sustainable livelihood advancement, and technology-mediated access and maps them against documented barriers to insurance adoption including information asymmetry, administrative complexity, trust deficits, and financial constraints. A conceptual model linking insurance awareness to empowerment outcomes is proposed and discussed. The paper contributes to the limited body of localized research on agricultural risk management in Uttar Pradesh and offers evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, insurance providers, and extension services. The paper develops a conceptual foundation for future empirical investigation.

Kranti Singh1, Shishir Srivastava2 and Vishal*3 Click here to download file

Research Review | Published online : 25-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 340–346
Arshidha Safrin A1 and Mani Shankar Babu*2
1-2 Postgraduate and Research Department. of Botany, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Affiliated to the University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 034, Kerala, India
Abstract
Piriformospora indica is a remarkable root endophyte showing growth promotion in diverse plant species. It colonizes the roots of numerous medicinal, ornamental, and agricultural crops and was first isolated from woody shrubs growing in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India. Numerous studies conducted since its discovery have highlighted its positive effects, including stimulation of vegetative growth, early flowering, enhanced nutrient acquisition, improved resistance against pathogens, and increased tolerance to abiotic stresses. In the present investigation, roots of tissue-cultured banana (Musa spp.) cv. Grand Naine plantlets were colonized with the culture broth of P. indica to assess its influence on plant growth and photosynthetic pigments. The treated plantlets showed improved growth performance in terms of vegetative characters and significant increase in photosynthetic pigment content when compared with untreated control plantlets.

Arshidha Safrin A1 and Mani Shankar Babu*2 Click here to download file

General Article | Published online : 28-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 347–351
Rajsekhar Pramanik1, Nandita Bhakat*2 and Iswari Prasad Gupta3
1 Assistant Teacher, Department of Biology, Panchkhuri Desh Bandhu High School, Paschim Medinipur - 721 150, West Bengal, India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Narajole Raj College, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India 3 Associate Professor, University Department of Botany, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Abstract
Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR) is one of the Sal dominated large forest in state of Odisha. Similipal Biosphere Reserve have 3 protected area- Similipal Tiger Reserve, Kuldiha wildlife Sanctuary and Hadagarh Wildlife Sanctuary. The comparative account of all the sanctuaries, Oroxylum indicum depicted the lowest Importance Value Index (IVI) value. The lowest IVI value of that said species is a matter of concern to protect the species in future. The said species is also an ethno-medicinal plant and proper measure should be taken for the propagation and conservation of the species. Naturally, Oroxylum indicum reproduces via viable seeds and roots, but the low percentage of seed viability and destructive collection of roots from trees, limits its natural propagation. Propagation of Oroxylum indicum through air-layering has been done but due to unavailability of proper plant and branch to air layer become depleted large-scale production is not possible. Foresters should try that process to increase the quantities of this plant Oroxylum and conserve this plant from its threat of extinction. In micropropagation study, it was found that the axillary bud showed high frequency of shoot initiation and shoot number at moderate concentration of BAP. Cytokinins have been known to break dormancy of axillary buds resulting in the formation of micro-shoots. Micro-propagation in MS media has been showed very good response.

Rajsekhar Pramanik1, Nandita Bhakat*2 and Iswari Prasad Gupta3 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 30-May-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 352–358
Akshai Bose1 and Sreeja M*2
1 Department of Food Science and Technology, St. George's College, Aruvithura - 686 122, Kerala, India 2 Ph. D. Scholar, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 522, Kerala, India
Abstract
Herbal teas have gained significant attention as functional beverages combining sensory appeal with medicinal benefits. This study focuses on the development of a herbal lime tea formulated using three key botanicals: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and peppermint (Mentha piperita). The primary objectives were to develop an organoleptically acceptable herbal tea blend and to evaluate its sensory, physicochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a nine-point hedonic scale with a panel of five trained evaluators, assessing colour, aroma, flavour, and overall acceptability. Proximate analysis included determination of moisture content (7–10%), total ash (5%), water-soluble ash (50%), and alkalinity of water-soluble ash (0.5%). Antioxidant activity was assessed via the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, confirming the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed using the disc diffusion method, yielding a negative result, potentially attributable to degradation of active compounds during preparation. The formulated herbal tea demonstrated acceptable sensory scores, confirmed polyphenol content, and offers a promising basis for further optimization as a functional health beverage.

Akshai Bose1 and Sreeja M*2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 01-Jun-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 359–370
Ram Khiladi Meena1 and Anita Meena*2
1-2 Department of Economics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302 004, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
The objective of the study is to assess the impact of sustainable agricultural practices on agricultural yield and production costs in the Ramgarh-Pachwara tehsil of Dausa district, Rajasthan. The study also identifies the major challenges faced in adopting sustainable agricultural practices. For conducting this research, fifty respondents were randomly selected using a multistage stratified random sampling method. The findings of the study reveal that the majority of farmers in the study area are adopting both traditional and sustainable agricultural practices. Most farmers adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) show a preference for organic farming, cover cropping, mulching, and mixed farming methods. Crop rotation and intercropping were found to be among the most widely adopted sustainable agricultural practices among the respondents. Sustainable agricultural practices have had a positive impact on agricultural productivity for most respondents and have also proven highly effective in reducing agricultural production costs. The major challenges identified in the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices include the shortage of skilled labor, inadequate availability of organic fertilizers and biopesticides, difficulties in the marketing and sale of agricultural produce, lack of basic infrastructure facilities, and insufficient government procurement support.

Ram Khiladi Meena1 and Anita Meena*2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 03-Jun-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 371–380
Meenakshi Tiwari1 and Suneeta Singh*2
1 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun - 248 001, Uttarakhand, India 2 Professor and Head, Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun - 248 001, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
Present experiment was conducted during 2022-23 and 2023-24 to study the effect of soil application of micronutrients on flowering attributes of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Langra on 35 years old mango trees planted at Mango orchard at Matawala Bagh, School of Agricultural Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. The Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications comprising of 15 treatments. The treatments combinations were M1: Control (RDF only); M2: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g per tree; M3: RDF + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M4: RDF + Copper sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M5: RDF + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M6: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g per tree + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M7: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g per tree + Copper sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M8: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g per tree + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M9: RDF + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g per tree + Copper sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M10: RDF + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g per tree + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M11: RDF + Copper sulphate @ 250 g per tree + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M12: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g per tree + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g per tree + Copper sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M13: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g per tree + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g per tree + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g per tree; M14: RDF + Boric acid @ 150 g per tree + Zinc sulphate @ 150 g per tree + Copper sulphate @ 150 g per tree + Ferrous sulphate @ 150 g per tree and M15: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g per tree + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g per tree + Copper sulphate @ 250 g per tree + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g per tree. The result revealed that among all treatments, M15 (RDF + Boric acid + Zinc sulphate + Copper sulphate + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g per tree) consistently performed best across most parameters, recording maximum flowering shoots (99.94), lowest panicle malformation (0.10), earliest flowering (28.95 days), highest flowers per panicle (1144.00), staminate (290.00) and hermaphrodite flowers (1022.50), flowering shoot length (31.72 cm) and flowering intensity (78.67%).

Meenakshi Tiwari1 and Suneeta Singh*2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 20-Jun-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 381–388
Anu Kurian*1 and K. Ajith Kumar2
1 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University - 680 654, Kerala, India 2 Associate Director of Research, RARS, Ambalavayal, Kerala Agricultural University - 673 593, Kerala, India
Abstract
A research trial was carried out in the experimental field of Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Thrissur, Kerala during two seasons (2016- 2017 and 2017-2018) to study the effect of different levels of farmyard manure, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth and yield of strawberry cv. Winter Dawn. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 9 treatments in three replications on different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and farmyard manure. The results revealed that maximum plant height (19.39 cm), number of leaves (47.76), plant spread (30.64 cm) and number of crowns per plant (8.10) were recorded in T8 (75:20:100 kg N: P: K ha -1 + 30 t ha -1 FYM) followed by T9 (100:40:50 kg N: P: K ha -1 + 30 t ha -1 FYM). Minimum number of days to first flowering was recorded by T2 (75:40:75 kg N: P: K ha-1 + 10 t ha-1 FYM). Maximum flowering and yield attributes were obtained by T8 (75:20:100 kg N: P: K ha-1 + 30 t ha-1 FYM) which was on par with T9 (100:40:50 kg N: P: K ha-1 + 30 t ha-1 FYM). The fruit quality viz., TSS, lowest acidity, TSS/acidity were highest in fruits obtained from plants supplied with fertilizer recommendation of 30 t ha-1 FYM + 75:20:100 kg ha -1 N: P: K recording 7.68°Brix, 0.72% and 10.68 respectively. While maximum total sugars content (5.23%) and ascorbic acid (52.22 mg/100g) were recorded when fertilized with 30t ha-1 of FYM along with 100:40:50 kg ha-1 of NPK.

Anu Kurian*1 and K. Ajith Kumar2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 23-Jun-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 389–396
Medonguno Thami*1, Lilongchem Thyug2, Rusokhrienuo Theunuo3 and Pelesano Kin4
1-4 Department of Zoology, Kohima Science College Jotsoma, Kohima - 797 001, Nagaland, India
Abstract
The present study was undertaken for 80 days, to evaluate the quality of vermicompost soil using Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida fed with two different feeds- Castor Leaves and Sweet Potato Leaves. The room temperature along with other key parameters were closely monitored and regulated during the experiment period. The growth performance of the earthworms and the physico-chemical properties of the vermicompost soils were observed, tabulated and a comparative study was done, wherein Eisenia fetida fed with Sweet Potato Leaves had the highest weight gain (171.4%), length increment (39.8%), number of adult earthworms (36%) and increased population (1373.3%). The results indicated that Eisenia fetida produced better soil quality and also exhibited better growth rate. Interestingly, the two feeds used in the study was found to have no significant impact on the soil quality. Physico-chemical analysis showed that pH was more acidic in the vermicompost samples along with higher concentrations of N, P and K. EC and OC was also found to be higher in these samples indicating the positive impact of earthworms on soil quality.

Medonguno Thami*1, Lilongchem Thyug2, Rusokhrienuo Theunuo3 and Pelesano Kin4 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 25-Jun-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 397–401
S. Anandha Krishnaveni*1, S. Avudaithai2, Dharunkumar M3, Nathin J4, Ponmanju N5 and Sakthipriya M6
1-6 Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Navalurkuttapattu, Thiruchirapalli - 620 027, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The increasing demand for natural and sustainable pest control solutions has prompted the exploration of plant-based insect repellents. This study investigates the extraction and formulation of insect repellent products from three common weeds: Cyperus rotundus, Tridax procumbens and Ipomoea carnea. The research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these weed-derived repellents through both coil and spray formulations. For Cyperus rotundus, a coil-based repellent was prepared by grinding dried rhizomes, mixing with natural binders and essential oils, shaping into coils and drying. An insect repellent spray was also formulated using ethanol extraction of the powdered rhizomes, diluted with water and emulsified for stability. Similarly, Ipomoea carnea leaves and stems were processed into a spray following extraction with ethanol and formulation with an emulsifier. For Tridax procumbens, both mosquito coils and a spray were produced, utilizing a water-based extraction method and incorporating starch and candle wax for the coils. The extraction processes yielded substantial amounts of active repellent compounds, which were successfully incorporated into both coil and spray formulations. Efficacy testing demonstrated that the coils and sprays significantly repelled mosquitoes and flies, with the coils showing prolonged effectiveness. The study highlights the potential of these weeds as sources of natural insect repellents, offering a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic products.

S. Anandha Krishnaveni*1, S. Avudaithai2, Dharunkumar M3, Nathin J4, Ponmanju N5 and Sakthipriya M6 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 26-Jun-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 402–407
P. Murali*¹, P. Silambarasan2, S. Sridhar3, P. Balamurugan4 and K. Arulanandam5
1, 5 Assistant Professor, Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Salem - 636 112, Tamil Nadu, India 2 Assistant Professor, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu - 614 625, Tamil Nadu, India 3 Livestock Nutritionist, Bentoli AgriNutrition India Pvt. Ltd, Chennai - 600 002, Tamil Nadu, India 4 Assistant Professor, Livestock Farm Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Salem - 636 112, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Bovine papillomatosis is a contagious proliferative disease caused by bovine papillomavirus, characterized by the development of benign cutaneous and mucosal papillomas in cattle. This field study evaluated the clinical response to autohaemotherapy as an adjunct to Anthiomaline-based treatment in naturally occurring bovine papillomatosis. Fourteen crossbred heifer calves (10–18 months old) diagnosed with bovine papillomatosis were divided into two groups of seven animals each. Group I received Anthiomaline (15 ml intramuscularly at 48-hour intervals) injection, while Group II received the same treatment supplemented with autohaemotherapy using 20 ml of autologous blood administered via intramuscular and subcutaneous routes. Clinical response was assessed based on lesion regression and recovery period. Group I showed only partial regression with persistence of residual lesions. In contrast, Group II exhibited visible lesion regression within one week and six of seven animals achieved complete or near-complete recovery within 40 days. No adverse reactions were observed. The findings suggest that autohaemotherapy may enhance the efficacy of Anthiomaline-based treatment and serve as a practical, economical adjunct therapy for bovine papillomatosis under field conditions.

P. Murali*¹, P. Silambarasan2, S. Sridhar3, P. Balamurugan4 and K. Arulanandam5 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 27-Jun-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 3 ; 408–417
Shankar R. Bhosale1-2, Shilpa Parashuram3, M. N. Jagtap*4, A. R. Girme5, T. H. Daphale6 and R. A. Marathe7
1 ICAR- National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur - 413 255, Maharashtra, India 2 Ph. D. Research Scholar, School of Life Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur - 413 255, Maharashtra, India 3 Senior Scientist, Genetics and Plant Breeding, ICAR- National Research Centre on Pomegranate (NRCP), Solapur - 413 255, Maharashtra, India 4 Principal and Research Guide, Santhosh Bhimrao Patil Arts, Commerce and Science College, Mandrup, Solapur - 413 221, Maharashtra, India 5 Senior Research Fellow, ICAR- National Research Centre on Pomegranate (NRCP), Solapur - 413 255, Maharashtra, India 6 Young Professional - I, ICAR- National Research Centre on Pomegranate (NRCP), Solapur - 413 255, Maharashtra, India 7 Director, ICAR- National Research Centre on Pomegranate (NRCP), Solapur - 413 255, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. ‘Bhagwa’) has a relatively narrow genetic base, necessitating the development of novel genetic variability for crop improvement. The present study was conducted at the ICAR–National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur, India, to evaluate the effects of sodium azide (SA) on seed germination, seedling survival, and early vegetative growth traits, and to identify a biologically effective working dose for mutation breeding in pomegranate. Freshly harvested seeds of cv. Bhagwa were treated with ten sodium azide concentrations (1–10 mM) for 1, 2, and 3 h in a Completely Randomized Design with three replicates of 25 seeds each. Significant treatment effects were observed for seed germination, seedling survival, plant height, and secondary branches. The mean germination percentages were 73.91%, 72.73%, and 74.36% at 1, 2 and 3 h of exposure, respectively, while the corresponding seedling survival percentages were 75.91%, 71.30%, and 67.87%. Plant height varied considerably among treatments, indicating differential growth responses to mutagen exposure. Seedling survival after 2 h of exposure declined from 76.98% in the control to 60.18% at 5 mM SA, indicating moderate biological injury while maintaining adequate viability. Based on overall biological responses and population survival, 5 mM sodium azide for 2 h was identified as a biologically effective working dose for mutation breeding in pomegranate cv. ‘Bhagwa’.

Shankar R. Bhosale1-2, Shilpa Parashuram3, M. N. Jagtap*4, A. R. Girme5, T. H. Daphale6 and R. A. Marathe7 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 29-Jun-2026