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P- ISSN: 0976-1675
E- ISSN: 2249-4538

© CARAS (Centre for Advanced Research in Agricultural Sciences)
NAAS Score: 4.56

Volume - 6 - September-October 2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 945-951
Farooq Ahmad Sheikh
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (ICAR) SKUAST - Kashmir, Kulgam - 192 233, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
Brassica carinata commonly known as Abyssinian mustard or Ethiopian mustard is currently being evaluated as an option to the traditional canola/mustard cultivation especially for low rainfall areas of the world. In its home land it is higher yielding, has better resistance to diseases, insect pests and pod shattering than any other oil seed crop. In spite of these strong positive attributes, the crop suffers from several agronomic limitations like late maturity, susceptible to lodging, low seed yield, low oil quality characterized by high level of erucic acid and unacceptable level of meal glucosinolates. Restricted level of natural variability for specified traits has greatly constrained the breeding programmes aimed at overcoming these limitations. Interspecific hybridization involving elite lines of related digenomic species viz Brassica napus and Brassica juncea species can serve a potential and useful method for transferring valuable traits to Brassica carinata in future although least research has been done on this aspect.

Farooq Ahmad Sheikh

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 952-956
P V Ramesh Babu, Ch Pulla Rao, R Veeraraghavaiah and G Vijay Kumar
Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College, Bapatla - 522 101, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted on sandy clay loam soil of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on rice (Cv BPT-5204) growth, yield and nutrient uptake. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen levels i e 80 kg N ha-1, 120 kg N ha-1, 240 kg N ha-1, green manuring @ 5 t ha-1 and three phosphorus levels i e 0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. Among different treatments, application of 240 kg N ha-1 in combination with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, tiller number, drymatter accumulation, grain, straw yield and nutrient uptake of rice over other levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, it was on a par with that of application of 240 kg N in combination with 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 during both the years of the experimentation.

P V Ramesh Babu, Ch Pulla Rao, R Veeraraghavaiah and G Vijay Kumar

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 957-959
Preeti Singh, Nandan Mehta, Sunil Kumar Nair and Mayuri Sahu
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur - 492 012 Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
The experimental was conducted in Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications during rabi 2012-13 and 2013-14. Nature and magnitude of genetic divergence was assessed among three seed classes (Certified, Breeder, Mixture) of four popular varieties (Deepika, Indira Alsi-32, RLC-92, R552) of linseed using Mahalanobis's D2 statistic for fifteen quantitative characters. On the basis of D2 values, 3 seed classes of 4 linseed varieties were grouped into 3 clusters. The cluster I was the largest cluster consisting of 6 seed classes while cluster II and III contained 3 seed classes each. Among the different characters, days to 50 percent flowering, days to maturity and seed yield per plant played an important role in the formation of clusters. The cluster I showed maximum inter cluster distance with cluster IV. The varieties from these clusters may be used for quality seed production and future hybridization programme.

Preeti Singh, Nandan Mehta, Sunil Kumar Nair and Mayuri Sahu

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 960-965
Jhansi Lakshmi Bai, D Ravindra Kumar Reddy and N Sivshankar
Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Muthukur - 524 344, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
The present study was conducted to compare the performance of growth, survival and carcass composition of pacu, Piaractus brachypomus fed on different experimental diets. Pacu (1.00 ± 0.02g) were fed with nine practically prepared diets for 90 days. Ground Nut Cake (GNC), Fish Meal (FM) and Cotton Seed Meal (CSM) were used at three different protein levels (20%, 25% and 30%), basal supplemented with rice bran and maize. The growth performance of P. brachypomus was found to be best when fed with diet FM25 (126.50gm) and the least with GNC20 (117.13 gm). Survival rates were best in pacu fed on all the treatment, which showed 100% survival rate at the end of the experiment except on GNC20 and CSM20 (90%).

Jhansi Lakshmi Bai, D Ravindra Kumar Reddy and N Sivshankar

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 966-974
B N Pradeepa Babu, M Mahesha* and M V Srinivasa Gowda*
Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore - 560 072, Karnataka, India *Department of Studies in Economics and Co-operation, University of Mysore, Mysore - 570 005, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The study was undertaken in Daharwad district of Karnataka state to assess livelihood security of farm households under rainfed and irrigated situations. Four major farming systems viz crop + dairy, crop + dairy + sheep, crop + dairy + poultry and crop + sheep were identified based on preliminary survey and previous studies in the area. The study is based on primary data of 120 farmers covering equal samples under irrigated and rainfed situations elicited through survey for 2012-13. The data was analyzed using tabular presentation, returns to rupee of investment, Index analysis and Garrett ranking technique. Results revealed that under irrigated situation, farmers realized the highest net income of ₹ 4,00,101 from crop + dairy farming system followed by ₹ 3,28,205 from crop + dairy + sheep farming system and least in crop + sheep (₹ 65,648.34). Under rainfed situation, farmers realized the highest net income of ₹ 1,50,865 from crop + dairy farming system followed by ₹ 1,36,581 from crop + dairy + poultry farming system. Further, under irrigated situation, crop + dairy system provided highest employment of 546 mandays and 832 woman days and in the case of rainfed situation, again crop + dairy system provided highest employment of 315 mandays and 519 womandays. The per capita monthly consumption of cereals and pulses in the area under study was higher than the ICMR recommended level (13.99 and 1.21 kg of cereals and pulses, respectively).

B N Pradeepa Babu, M Mahesha* and M V Srinivasa Gowda*

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 975-978
I Gnanavel and S K Natarajan*
Department of Seed Certification and Organic Certification, Government of Tamil Nadu, Perambalur - 621 212, Tamil Nadu, India *Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Bhavanisagar - 638 451, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during 2013 and 2014 at a Farmer’s Field in Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu, India, to study the interaction effect of organic manuring and weed control measures on weed growth and yield of irrigated hybrid maize NK 6240. The experiment was laid in a split plot design with three replications. Among the main treatments tried, application of poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 was found to be superior in reducing the population of weeds (19.40 m-2) and in increasing weed control index (65.93%) and grain yield (6.10 t ha-1) in both the seasons. This was on par with the application goat manure @ 5 t ha-1. Among the crop weed control measures compared as sub-treatments, twice hand weeding recorded the least weed counts (11.00 m-2) and highest WCI (85.80%) and grain yield (7.35 t ha-1). This was observed to be on par with the application of pre-emergence herbicide atrazine @ 1.00 kg a.i ha-1 + post emergence herbicide 2,4-D @ 0.80 kg a.i. ha-1 (weed counts of 14.00 m-2, weed control index of 84.04% and grain yield of 7.23 t ha-1). Post emergence application of tembotrione + S 120 g a.i. ha-1 along with surfactant was found most effective to control the grassy as well as non-grassy weeds which was also on par with hand weeding twice in reducing the weed count (15.60 m-2) and increasing WCI (82.57%) and grain yield (7.18 t ha-1) in hybrid maize.

I Gnanavel and S K Natarajan*

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 979-985
K S Yogamani, K Shivarmu, M T Lakshminarayan and B Krishnamurthy
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences (GKVK), Bengaluru - 560 065, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The research study was conducted in Mandya district of Karnataka with a sample size of 135 farm women of nine community milking centers. The findings revealed that 43 percent of the respondents belonged to medium adoption category and 34 percent to high adoption category. Majority of respondents had reared Holstein Freshion cow and considered most of the recommended points in selecting cow; adopted care and management of newly born calf, parasitic control measures, clean milk production practices, feeding and management of cows during summer. Further, majority of farm women perceived hygiene milk production prevents adulteration of milk, requires less time for milking, fetches more price for milk, reduces drudgery no need to give additional feed while milking, labour saving and non-dependency on skilled persons as the advantages in machine milking.

K S Yogamani, K Shivarmu, M T Lakshminarayan and B Krishnamurthy

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 986-989
Kamal Singh, Ravindra Pratap Singh Jetawat and Rashid Khan
Department of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture (MPUAT), Udaipur - 313 001, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
The experiment was undertaken to study the physiological and nutritional studies of the Alternaria brassicicola in Department of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur (Rajasthan) during 2012-2013. An in-vitro physiological studies revealed the different media tested in present study showed that semi synthetic media (PDA) gave better growth (90.0 mm) and sporulation (12.4 × 104 conidia/mm2) of A. Brassicicola than synthetic ones (Brown’s medium (89 mm) and Czapek’s Dox (78.2 mm) followed by Maltose medium and Richard’s agar medium 77.0, 75.8 mm, respectively), which could be attributed to the complex nutrient present in PDA and maximum mycelial growth, dry mycelial weight and rate of sporulation were recorded at 25 ± 1°C followed by 30 ± 1°C temperatures and pH 7.0.

Kamal Singh, Ravindra Pratap Singh Jetawat and Rashid Khan

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 990-993
Rohit Kumar Dhobi, K Krishnakumary, T E George, V S Devadas and Rose Mary Francies*
Department of Olericulture, *Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur - 680 656, Kerala, India
Abstract
An investigation to find out the physiological maturity stage of snake gourd (variety Kaumudi) fruit for quality seed production was undertaken in Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2010-2012. Fruits of various stages of maturity at three days interval from anthesis were used for study. Results of the study indicated that fruits attained maximum weight (1355.80 g) and length (102.77 cm) when harvested at 39 days after anthesis. Seed quality parameters viz number of seeds per fruit; dry weight of seeds and 100 seed weight were found to be significantly highest at 39 days after anthesis with values of 89.87, 27.71 g and 30.95 g, respectively. Germination percent (88%), speed of germination (10.36), seedling length (26.02 cm) and vigour index (2288) were found to be maximum in fruits harvested at this stage in this variety. Thereafter, a decrease was observed for these characters confirming 39 days after anthesis as the physiological maturity stage for harvest of fruits for seed purpose for attaining maximum seed quality in snake gourd variety Kaumudi.

Rohit Kumar Dhobi, K Krishnakumary, T E George, V S Devadas and Rose Mary Francies*

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 994-997
Preeti Painkra, Sunil K Nag and Rajeev Shrivastava
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
In general it was noted that the value of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). The magnitude of PCV was higher than the corresponding GCV for all the traits. The moderate GCV was recorded for pod bearing length (16.22 %) followed by seed yield per plant (15.48), plant height (14.33%), number of pods bearing nodes (14.11%), 100 seed weight (13.03%) whereas, lowest GCV were recorded for protein content (2.20%) followed by days to maturity (2.24%), oil content (4.16%), number of seed per pod (5.45%), number of pods per plant (7.55%), days to 50% flowering (7.90%) and number of primary branches per plant (9.12%). The highest magnitude of PCV was recorded for character seed yield per plant (21.19%) and lowest PCV were recorded for character days to maturity (2.39%) followed by protein content (4.49%), oil content (5.71%), number of seed per pod (7.16%) and days to 50% flowering (8.04%). The highest heritability estimate were observed for days to 50% flowering (96.5%) followed by 100 seed weight (93.3%), number of pod bearing nodes (88.9%), days to maturity (87.7%), plant height (78.0%) and pod bearing length (78.0%) indicating predominance of additive gene action in the expression of these traits and lowest heritability were observed for protein content (23.9%) and number of pods per plant (29.8%). The higher genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for seed yield per plant (32.08%) followed by number of pod bearing nodes (31.72%) and pod bearing length (30.06%) whereas, lowest genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for protein content (2.22%) followed by days to maturity (4.31%), number of seeds per pod (8.48%), number of pods per plant (8.49%) and oil content (6.25%). The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for number of pod bearing nodes and pod bearing length.

Preeti Painkra, Sunil K Nag and Rajeev Shrivastava

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 998-1001
Rajshree Shukla and Nandan Mehta
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
Heterosis for fruit yield and its components in eggplant was studied using randomized block design among seven parents viz IBWL-2007-1, Green Long, Muktakeshi, Pant Rituraj, Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Purple Cluster, Punjab Sadabahar and their eleven F1’s with check Pusa Hybrid-6 during 2011-12 kharif season at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Heterosis study revealed that high to moderate degree of heterosis was observed for almost all the characteristics studied. In Kharif, parents Green Long, IBWL-2007-1, Muktakeshi, Pant Rituraj and Pusa Purple Long showed desirable characteristic traits and may be used for future breeding programmes whereas, heterotic hybrids are IBWL-2007-1 × Muktakeshi, Pusa Purple Long × Pusa Purple Cluster, Muktakeshi × Punjab Sadabahar and Pant Rituraj × Pusa Purple Long for earliness, total fruit yield per plant, marketable and color index for Chhattisgarh plains.

Rajshree Shukla and Nandan Mehta

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1002-1005
Rizwan Patel, S S Toncher, S A Sapkal and R M Deshpande
Department of Agronomy, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola - 444 104, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
An agronomic investigation on effect of detasseling and nutrient management on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) was carried out at Agronomy Farm, Nagpur during 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with ten treatment combinations and replicated thrice. Grain yield kg ha-1 and straw yield kg ha-1 were more in detassling as compared to no detasseling. Grain and straw yield kg ha-1 were significantly higher in 150% RDF treatment as compared to F1-100% RDF (120:60:30 kg NPK ha-1). Treatment of 100% RDF + PSB + Azotobactor registered highest benefit: cost ratio (3.61) followed by treatment 125% RDF + PSB + Azotobactor (3.40). The lowest benefit cost ratio was recorded in 100% RDF (3.21). Maximum benefit cost ratio of 3.46 was recorded by detasseling treatment as compared treatment no detasseling (3.33).

Rizwan Patel, S S Toncher, S A Sapkal and R M Deshpande

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1006-1009
Anamika Guha, Gulzar Ahmad Khan* and G Mazumder*
Department of Agricultural Extension, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India *Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia - 741 252, West Bengal, India
Abstract
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is an Indian law that aims to guarantee the ‘right to work’ and ensure livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The present study was undertaken in order to study rural people in relation to their knowledge about the work allotted and available, the different communication channels through which they became aware of the ongoing activities, involvement of females and the relationship of different socioeconomic factors with the work been taken under MGNREGA. From the villages Kokoabari and Dakkhin Kalarayer Kuthi of Cooch Behar-2 (West Bengal) 25 respondents each were selected randomly. The results showed that age, social participation and different communication channels were highly related with the knowledge and potential benefits of MGNREGA. The beneficiaries were facing some social problems like working with the people belonging to different castes, religion, lower social status etc. Also some economic problems faced by the beneficiaries found were low wage rate, delay in receiving wages, not getting 100 days work in a financial year.

Anamika Guha, Gulzar Ahmad Khan* and G Mazumder*

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1010-1014
Amit Kumar Gupta, Alkesh Hada*, Amresh Kumar and Mithilesh Kumar
Faculty of Basic Science and Humanity, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa - 848 125, Bihar, India *Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Strawberry is a good source of vitamin, mineral and antioxidant compound. As the demand of strawberry is increasing day by day and supply is limited, one of the possible ways to narrow down this gap between demand and supply could be utilization of tissue culture approaches. The production of strawberry through micropropagation becomes a relevant issue throughout the world. Mass multiplication of this cultivar has a serious problem of high mortality due to lethal browning of plantlets on the growing MS media. Therefore, the objective of this study was to control the browning and optimized the media components for the mass multiplication of strawberry plants using shoot apex, nodal stem and leaf segment. Explants were pre-treated with mixture solution having 0.1% streptomycin and 0.1% bavastin followed by serial transfer of the explants for 48 hour of time interval thrice in MS media, minimum browning were observed in the explants with 48 hours of serial transfer and maximum propagation of plantlets from medium M4 having concentration 1.5 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l KIN with high number of shoot apex as compared to other media. Further, elongated shoots on M4 medium have been excised and transferred to root induction media having different concentration of IBA (0.1 to 2 mg/l) and IAA (0.1 to 2 mg/l) of which 1.7 mg/l IBA proved to be the most suitable for root induction and rooted plantlets after 20 days were hardened to pot mix for maturation.

Amit Kumar Gupta, Alkesh Hada*, Amresh Kumar and Mithilesh Kumar

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1015-1018
N Veronica, V Padma*, D Subrahmanyam** and G Jayasree***
Department of Crop Physiology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India *College of Agriculture (ANGRAU), Aswaraopeta - 507 301, Telangana, India **Indian Institute of Rice Research (ICAR), Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India ***Agricultural College (ANGRAU), Jagtial, Telangana, India
Abstract
investigate the effect of phosphorus supply on morpho physiology aspects in different rice varieties a pot culture study was conducted. Phosphorus (P) deficiency led to a significant reduction in plant height and tiller number among the rice varieties which are considered as sensitive parameters to P deficiency. Lesser reduction in plant height and a higher tiller number was evident in Swarna indicating its tolerant nature. Irrespective of the varieties, under P stress the days to 50% flowering and days to maturity were enhanced. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were generally increased at lower level of P while at the higher P level the chlorophyll contents were decreased among all of the varieties.

N Veronica, V Padma*, D Subrahmanyam** and G Jayasree***

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1019-1022
Joycy R Dasari, Priyanka K and K V S Bakthavathsalam
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur - 584 102, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The effectiveness of Minimum Support Price (MSP) has been examined in different regions of Karnataka based on the secondary data from respective markets at district level spanning from 2002-03 to 2012-13. The deviations of market prices from MSP have been used as a measure of ineffectiveness. The CAGR of MSP was found to be inequitable for all crops i e cotton (6.27%), redgram (11%) and paddy (9.21%). The percentage change in MSP was positive for all the crops which are taken for the study. The CAGR of market price of major crops in Gulbarga and Raichur market was high in redgram (11.43%) and jowar (14.39%). MSP was leading the trends in market price of all the major crops in Raichur market but not in Gulbarga. The total frequency of months with positive deviations of market price from MSP were more than the frequency of months negative deviations for all the crops under study in both the study markets. There is need to bring some improvement in the price policy to different crops in ensuring highest returns to the farmers to continue their production with the increase in cost of inputs.

Joycy R Dasari, Priyanka K and K V S Bakthavathsalam

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1023-1026
N Shamna, R Vasantha and A Sailaja
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
Abstract
Pokkali is a unique variety of rice that is cultivated in an organic way in the water logged coastal regions of Kerala. In spite of paramount advantages, Pokkali rice farming is fastly approaching towards extinction stage and as there were no studies to unearth its prospects from farmer’s perspective, this study has been designed to unearth data in the intensive Pokkali farming tracks of Kerala. The results indicated that among consumer related prospects, majority of the farmers (63.33%) agreed that Pokkali rice is a unique treasure of India as it has got G.I. status which might improve its market value. In case of economic prospects, majority of the farmers (80.00%) agreed that Pokkali fields are highly organic, pest and disease incidence is below threshold level. In case of environmental prospects, majority of the farmers (78.33%) agreed that due to the symbiotic relationship that exist between rice and prawn, the natural ecological balance is maintained. Majority of the respondents had medium perception (48.38%) on the prospects of Pokkali rice farming followed by low (34.95%) and high perception (16.67%) on prospects of Pokkali rice farming. The results of correlation indicated that the profile characteristics such as socio economic status, extension agency contact, credit orientation, economic motivation, risk orientation, source of information utilized and socio political participation were found to be positively and significantly correlated with perception of farmers towards prospects of Pokkali rice farming.

N Shamna, R Vasantha and A Sailaja

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1027-1033
S Jeya Bharathi and V Rajamanickam*
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, *Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Home Science College and Research Institute (TNAU), Madurai - 625 104, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Nutrition plays an important role in the physical, mental and socio-economic development of a child. So the present study was undertaken with the objective to formulate nutritious mix rich in protein and other nutrients using household technologies. The three different treatments of nutritious mixes was formulated from malted food grains (wheat, ragi, greengram and soybean) along with roasted sesame seeds, drumstick leaves powder and jaggery. The developed nutritious mix was evaluated for various functional properties and physico-chemical attributes such as pasting properties, bulk density, true density, water absorption index, water solubility index, oil absorption capacity and swelling power. The prepared nutritious mixes were investigated for essential amino acids and sensory qualities. The nutritional characteristics such as moisture, acidity, energy, protein, carbohydrate, starch, fat, β-carotene content and mineral contents were also evaluated. The formulated nutritious mixes can be used successfully in supplementary feeding programmes.

S Jeya Bharathi and V Rajamanickam*

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1034-1042
K S Yogamani, K Shivarmu, D M Gowda and M S Ganapathy
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences (GKVK), Bengaluru - 560 065, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The research study was conducted in Mandya district of Karnataka with a sample size of 135 farm women of nine community milking centers. The findings revealed that 47 percent of the respondents belonged to medium knowledge category and 35 percent to high knowledge category. Majority of the respondents had correct knowledge about salient features of cross breed cows, points to be considered in selection of cows, construction of cow shed, management of pregnant cows, cows nearing parturition and newly born calf, breeding of cows, diseases management and parasitic control measures, clean milk production and management of cows during summer.

K S Yogamani, K Shivarmu, D M Gowda and M S Ganapathy

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1043-1045
Bhagyashri Hemant Nadkarni, Vinay Supe, Rahul Anil Durgude and M Miilion Paulos
Department of Horticulture, Post Graduate Institute, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri - 413 722, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
The present study entitled effect of cover crop and irrigation systems on fruit set and yield in custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) cv. Balanagar was carried out at Instructional Cum Research Orchard of AICRP on Arid Zone Fruits, Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri (Maharashtra) during the year 2014-15 on 18 years old plants, spaced at 5 x 5 m2 in randomized block design. It involved five cover crops i e Maize (T1), Bajra (T2), Dhaincha (T3), Jowar (T4) and Sunhemp (T5), two irrigation systems i e Sprinklers (T6) and Foggers (T7), clean cultivation (T8) and absolute control (T9). The treatment T2- i e Bajra recorded significantly highest fruit set percentage (31.03%). The average number of fruits per branch was recorded maximum in T1- i e Maize (28.33) which is at par with the T2- i e Bajra (27.65). The highest number of fruits per tree was recorded in treatment T2- i e Bajra (169.18) and it was followed by T1- i e Maize (150.24). The average weight of fruits per tree was significantly influenced by sowing of various cover crops. Significantly maximum weight of fruit was recorded in the treatment T2- i e Bajra (243.00 g). The highest yield per tree was recorded in the treatment T2- i e Bajra (40.88 kg).

Bhagyashri Hemant Nadkarni, Vinay Supe, Rahul Anil Durgude and M Miilion Paulos

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1046-1050
Digambar Prasad Jha and S K Sharma*
Department of Agronomy, Rajasthan College of Agriculture (MPUAT), Udaipur - 313 001, Rajasthan, India *Zonal Director Research, Agriculture Research Station (MPUAT), Udaipur - 313 001, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
Field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013-014 at the Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur (Rajasthan). Results revealed that application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium along with zinc and iron significantly increased the growth and yield of blackgram. The maximum growth attributes like plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate at all the growth stages similarly, yield attributes and yield like number of pods and number of seeds per pod, test weight, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were recorded under treatment100% RDF + Zn + Fe (N:P:K- 20:30:15 kg ha-1 + ZnSo4 5kg ha-1 + FeSo4 5 kg ha-1). Further, maximum number of root nodules (74.40/plant) and their dry weight (129.30 mg) at flower initiation stage was found 35.27% and 36.97% higher than absolute control. The seed yield and straw yield of blackgram significantly increased by 104.71% and 71.73%, respectively over control.

Digambar Prasad Jha and S K Sharma*

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1051-1054
B Raghu, A Geetha*, M Surender, Rubena Afrin and P Saidaiah**
Seed Quality Control Laboratory, Andhra Pradesh State Seed Development Corporation Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India *Crop Physiology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Mahaboobnagar, Telangana, India **Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
Abstract
An experiment was carried out at the Seed Quality Control Laboratory, Andhra Pradesh State Seed Development Corporation Ltd, Hyderabad during 2014-15 to study the effect of different priming treatments on enhancement of seed quality in soybean seed lots. Two seed lots of different physiological vigours were subjected to priming treatments. High quality seed with germination above MSCS (95%), and low quality seeds with germination marginally below MSCS (68%). Significant variation in root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight and Seedling Vigor Index were observed due to seed priming treatments. The interaction effect of seed quality and priming treatments were also high and significant in all the test parameters. Soybean seeds primed with CaCl2. 2H2O (0.5%), GA3 (30ppm), and KH2PO4 (50ppm) were found to enhance seeds quality following priming treatments to the seeds with different physiological vigour. KCl was found deleterious to soybean seeds.

B Raghu, A Geetha*, M Surender, Rubena Afrin and P Saidaiah**

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1055-1059
K Damodara Chari, N Trimurtulu*, R Subhash Reddy and A Vijaya Gopal
Department of Agricultural Microbiology and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Prof Jaya Shankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India *Bio-fertilizer Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, Amaravathi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Sixteen pure cultures of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial isolates collected from different resource laboratories of Andhra Pradesh. These isolates were characterized with morphological, cultural and biochemical characterization. In present study attempts were also made to assess the screening and characterization of those isolates with multiple beneficial properties like biocontrol potential against plant pathogens, nitrogen fixation, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of plant growth promoting substances and to know the compatibility of local PGPR isolates against the commonly used agrochemicals like fungicides (metalaxyl, ziram, propiconazole and carbendazim), insecticides (chloripyriphos, dimethoate, imidachloprid and thiodicarb) and herbicides (atrazine, butachlor, propaquizafop and pendimethalin) at their recommended dosages under in vitro condition. Among sixteen PGPR isolates only PGP-1, PGP-9, PGP-13, PGP-14, PGP-15 isolates exhibited good compatibility (0 mm inhibition) with fungicides with recommended dosages, the isolates PGP-1, PGP-9, PGP-11, PGP-12, PGP-14, PGP-15 were not affected by any insecticides, indication of high compatibility with insecticides at recommended dosage and seven isolates viz PGP-1, PGP-2, PGP-9, PGP-11, PGP-13, PGP-14, PGP-15, had shown high compatibility (0mm inhibition zone) with all herbicides.

K Damodara Chari, N Trimurtulu*, R Subhash Reddy and A Vijaya Gopal

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1060-1064
V Divya, K Velayudham and N Thavaprakaash
Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The experiment was conducted during the early summer season at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, to evaluate the Effect of growth regulator (TIBA) and nipping on growth, physiology and yield parameters of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under different plant geometries and weeding practices. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design, comprised of ten treatments were replicated thrice. The results revealed that taller plants at harvest stage of sesame were noted under closer spacing of 30 × 30 cm without nipping and hand weeding done at 35 DAS, but more number branches m-2, higher DMP, maximum LAI and CGR, greater number of capsules unit area-1and yield of sesame were recorded at closer spacing of 30 × 30 cm with TIBA application @ 50 ppm at 30 DAS and hand weeding at 35 DAS compared to control and other treatments tested under study.

V Divya, K Velayudham and N Thavaprakaash

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1065-1068
M A Dar, M Y Bhat, Uzma Bashir, J A Wani, T Ali, S K Raina and M H Chesti
Division of Soil Science, S. K. University of Agriculture Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar - 191 121, Srinagar, J & K, India
Abstract
Soil analysis indicated that all available nutrients in pear orchard soils were adequate to high except nitrogen and zinc, which were low in 14 and 5 percent orchards, respectively. Leaf analysis exhibited that all nutrients in foliage of “Bartlelt” cultivar of pear were adequate to high except nitrogen and copper, which were low in 14 and 5 percent samples, respectively. The relationship study revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, copper and iron in leaf showed significant and positive relationship with available nutrients in both surface as well as sub surface soils, while as similar relationship was observed between calcium, magnesium and manganese contents in leaf and in surface soils only. However, leaf sulphur did not showed any significant relationship with available sulphur.

M A Dar, M Y Bhat, Uzma Bashir, J A Wani, T Ali, S K Raina and M H Chesti

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1069-1072
Adil Bashir and Wani Saimat
Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora - 192 122, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
A comparative study was done to determine the nutritional status of two ice cream samples available in the local market of Srinagar (Brand name cornetto and Dairy fresh). Ice cream samples were then analyzed for different physical, chemical and sensory parameters. It was observed that cornetto ice cream samples recorded highest fat content (13.33%), TSS (48%), acidity (0.86%), protein content (5.33%) and overrun (78.6%) was highest in Dairy fresh ice-cream. On the basis of sensory evaluation the highest overall acceptability score of 4.34 was observed in Cornetto.

Adil Bashir and Wani Saimat

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1073-1076
Syeda Samina Anjum, A Nagaraja* and Gowdra Nagamma
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences (GKVK), Bengaluru - 560 065, Karnataka, India *Project Coordinating Unit (Small Millets), ICAR, GKVK, Bengaluru - 560 065, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Blast disease of finger millet caused by Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. (Magnaporthe grisea) causes significant yield loss in different regions of India. This study was conducted to collect, isolate, identify and characterize the pathogen using morphological characteristics. A total of 41 isolates were collected from different millet growing regions of India viz Bengaluru, Mandya, Vizianagaram and Shillong. Morphological variability of different isolates in culture on RYLA showed considerable variations in mycelia growth, colour, conidia production and conidial shape and size. Among the different isolates, while the colony diameter ranged from 7.0 to 8.8 cm, all the isolates produced grayish black to whitish black and whitish to buff colour with circular and irregular colonies having rough and smooth margins. Most of the isolates sporulated well on RYLA and took 7-12 days. The conidia were pyriform (pear-shaped); either large, medium to small in size having rounded base and the pedicel narrowed towards the pointed tip. Variations in conidial size were also evident between the isolates and different locations. Isolation and variability studies on finger millet blast pathogen helps to understand requirements for the growth and development of the pathogen and its sporulation which can be made use of in understanding variability of the blast pathogen.

Syeda Samina Anjum, A Nagaraja* and Gowdra Nagamma

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1077-1081
N P Buddhewar, A M Khobragade, S A Surwase* and G R Pawar*
Department of Meteorology, College of Agriculture, Kanchanwadi (VNMAU Parbhani), Auragabad - 431 005, Maharashtra, India *Lokmangal College of Agriculture (MPKV Rahuri), Solapur - 413222, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
The field experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications during kharif 2010-11 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Parbhani (Maharashtra). The treatments were comprised 36 treatment combinations with four factors viz date of sowing [D1-22/06/10 (25th MW)], [D2-29/06/10 (26th MW)], [D3-06/07/10 (27th MW)], [D4-13/07/10 (28th MW)], [D5-20/07/10 (29th MW)] and [D6-27/07/10 (30th MW)], variety (V1-NHH-44, V2-NHH-44 Bt, V3-NH-615) and plant protection (P1-Recommended spraying schedule) and no plant protection (P0-control). The crop was sown with row to row and plant to plant spacing 90cm x 60cm by dibbling method in 06 different meteorological weeks. Each experimental unit was replicated thrice with the plot size of 7.2 m x 3.6 m and 6.0 m x 2.4 m as the gross and net plot, respectively. Fertilizers were applied to the crop as per the recommendations. The result revealed that the sowing of cultivar NHH-44 with D1 date [(22/06/10 25th MW)] cotton performed better growth and development characters as compare to other cotton cultivars. Based on these findings it can recommended for farmers that optimum sowing time for cotton in Marathawada region under rainfed condition is D1 (25th MW) just at the onset of monsoon.

N P Buddhewar, A M Khobragade, S A Surwase* and G R Pawar*

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1082-1084
Ashish Pradhan and N Lakpale
Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
Pigeonpea is an important pulse crop, its nutritional quality not only beneficial for human being but also attracts the micro-organism. In order to detect the mycoflora associated with the five varieties of pigeonpea seeds, four incubation methods viz standard blotter, agar plate, roll towel and 2,4-D method were used. Among them 2,4-D method was found to be the best for routine seed health evaluation and recorded highest efficacy of 49.48 percent over blotter method followed by 30.13 percent over roll towel and 10.62 percent over agar plate method. The mycoflora detected by various incubation methods, varies differentially. Standard blotter method could detect highest percentage of Aspergillus sp. (13.33%) and Fusarium udum (4.61%) as compared to other incubation methods. Agar plate method could detect maximum frequencies of Aspergillus niger (13.28%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (30.92%). Penicillium sp. (24.10%) and Mucor sp. (32.14%) was maximum in roll towel method and 2,4-D method could detect maximum percentage of A. flavus (28.10%) and mycelia sterilia (23.16%).

Ashish Pradhan and N Lakpale

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1085-1088
K Madan Mohan Reddy, M Jagan Mohan Reddy and G Shivacharan
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Prof. Jayashankat Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
Abstract
1085-1088

K Madan Mohan Reddy, M Jagan Mohan Reddy and G Shivacharan

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1089-1091
G Shivacharan, V Sudha Rani and K Madan Mohan Reddy
Department of Agricultural Extension, Prof. Jayashankat Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
Abstract
The present study was conducted in Nizamabad and Karimnagar districts of Andhra Pradesh to study the profile and entrepreneurial behaviour of rural young agri entrepreneurs. Total 120 respondents were randomly selected for the study and interviewed. Most (29.17%) of the respondents had medium entrepreneurial behaviour followed by high (27.50%), very high (23.33%), low (14.17%) and very low (5.83%) entrepreneurial behaviour. The profile characteristics like age, education, training undergone, entrepreneurial experience and economic motivation were found to be positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial behaviour of rural young agri entrepreneurs.

G Shivacharan, V Sudha Rani and K Madan Mohan Reddy

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1092-1094
J Uma Nagesh, D Shashibhushan*, Farzana Jabeen and G Rakesh
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India *Millet Scheme, Regional Agriculture Research Station (PJTSAU), Palem - 509 215, Telangana, India
Abstract
Combining ability for grain yield and its components in pearl millet was studied in a set of 4 lines, 10 testers and their resultant F1’ s with two checks GHB-558 and PHB-3. The analysis of variance exhibited highly significant differences for all the traits studied. High general combining ability effects for grain yield per plant was noticed in line 81A, testers 15156R, 15186R, 15501R and 15631R. The four cross combinations 81A × 15631R, 88004A × 15050R, 98444A × 2455R and 98444A × 3310R were found to be good specific combiners based on high SCA effects.

J Uma Nagesh, D Shashibhushan*, Farzana Jabeen and G Rakesh

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1095-1097
Umaymah Ashraf and Saimat-ul-Fatima
Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora - 192 122, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
A comparative study was done to determine the nutritional status of two jam samples available in the local market of Srinagar. Jam samples were analyzed for different parameters, physical, chemical, sensory and texture. Highest mean moisture was observed for Snowkist (40.77%) sample and lowest for Kanwal (39.30%). Highest mean acidity was reported for sample from Snowkist (0.93%) and lowest for Kanwal (0.77%). Highest ash was reported for Kanwal (1.18%) and lowest for Snowkist (1.14%). Highest vitamin C was reported for Kanwal (14.5mg/100gm) and lowest for Snowkist (13.0mg/100gm). Highest Reducing sugar was reported for Snowkist (33.62%) and lowest for Kanwal (32.33%). Highest total sugar was reported for Snowkist (57.4%) and lowest for Kanwal (56.70%). TSS was same for both samples about 68°B. pH content was almost same for both samples ranging from 3.05% to 3.02%. In terms of sensory analysis Snowkist received the highest overall acceptability score (3.88) and Kanwal sample received the lowest overall acceptability score (2.64). On the basis of texture analysis it was observed that the jam of Snowkist has a maximum cutting force (0.023 kg).

Umaymah Ashraf and Saimat-ul-Fatima

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1098-1101
T N Sathisha, B A Veeresha, N G Hanamaratti, P M Salimath, C H Nagaraju and P I Gangashetty
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India
Abstract
An investigation was carried out to know the extent of genetic variability for yield, productivity and nutritional traits in 130 traditional land races of rice. There is existence of genetic variability for all the traits as indicated by moderate to high coefficient of variance. Higher values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variability were observed for number of grains per panicle and grain yield (kg/ha). The moderate PCV and GCV were recorded for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of panicles per meter row, panicle weight, test weight, grain length, L/B ratio, iron, zinc content and protein content. The panicle length had recorded lower values of genotypic and phenotypic variance. High heritability with high genetic advance was observed for all traits except for plant height, panicle length, zinc content, iron content, protein content.

T N Sathisha, B A Veeresha, N G Hanamaratti, P M Salimath, C H Nagaraju and P I Gangashetty

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1102-1105
Deepshikha and Bimla Kumari
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
Field trial was conducted to determine correlation between seed infection and plant infection in loose smut of wheat in sixty four genotypes. On the basis of PI/SI, the wheat genotypes were categorized in five main groups groups i e (a) 0.21 - 0.33 (b) 0.10 - 0.16 (c) 0.01 - 0.09 (d) 0.001 - 0.01 and (e) No transmission of loose smut infection. The highest seed transmission values (PI/SI) were found in HS 420, PBW 343 and MP 4010 as 1:0.33, 1:0.31 and 1:0.21, respectively indicating the maximum transmission showing very close relationship between PI/SI. While the lowest PI/SI value in between 1:0.001- 1:0.01 were found in HW 1085, HUW 468, HI 8498, C 306, HS 365, K 9107, HD 2867, HS 295, PBW 509, HUW 533, HS 431, GW 1189, MACS 2846 and PBW 373 they have high degree of resistance to loose smut infection. In certain genotypes there were no loose smut transmitted from seed to adult plants i e MACS 2496, DL 788-2, Raj 1555, GW 173, Raj 4073, GW 337, PBW 498, PDW 289, HS 375, HPW 155 and VL 824 showing embryo susceptible and adult plant resistance.

Deepshikha and Bimla Kumari

| Published online : 12-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1106-1112
A Sravanthi, A Sambaiah and G Ravi Babu
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering (ANGRAU), Bapatla - 522 101, Andhara Pradesh, India
Abstract
The study was undertaken in the Krishna western delta to compute the water balance for the year 2011. The gross annual groundwater recharge for the year 2011 is 170086 ha m, net ground water recharge 1695024 ha m and the total ground water table fluctuation 0.34 are estimated from this study. Variation in the net ground water recharge is due to the low rainfall (660 mm) in the year 2011 and more evapotranspiration (3269.8 mm). The assumption, inflow is equal to outflow made by CGWB for estimation of groundwater potential is a deviation from reality as some blocks have shown net inflow or outflow. From this study high ET is observed compared with the rainfall except in the months of April, June, July and August. Due to low rainfall over-pumping of groundwater by farmers has led to underground resources becoming depleted.

A Sravanthi, A Sambaiah and G Ravi Babu

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1113-1116
G Mahesh, H V Harish Kumar, V Venkataramana, M Satishkumar, C O Dyavappa and N Naveena
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences (GKVK), Bengaluru - 560 065, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The study was undertaken in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka state during the year 2012-13. Four major reeling units viz Charaka, Cottage basin, Filature basin and Multi-end basin were identified based on preliminary survey in the study area. The study based on primary data from 90 reelers covering a proportionate sample of 60 reelers under Charaka, 3, 22 and 5 reelers from Cottage basin, Filature basin and Multi-end basin respectively was elicited for the period 2012-13 through survey method. The data was analyzed using tabular analysis, cost-return structure and simple financial analysis. Results revealed that the share of building cost in total establishment cost was found to be relatively higher in Charaka and Cottage basin than Filature basin and Multi-end basin, since in later case cost of reeling basins was high. Raw silk reeled per basin per year is least in Charaka (661.44 kg’s) and higher in Multi-end (859.13 kg’s). Net returns per basin per year realized is least in Charaka (₹ 54,546) and higher in Multi-end (₹ 3,05,405). The benefit-cost ratio worked out to be low in Charaka (1.20) and high in Multi-end (1.04). Multi-end basin was found to be efficient from the view of Renditta.

G Mahesh, H V Harish Kumar, V Venkataramana, M Satishkumar, C O Dyavappa and N Naveena

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1117-1120
Rohit Kumar Dhobi, K Krishnakumary, T E George, V S Devadas and Rose Mary Francies*
Department of Olericulture, *Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur - 680 656, Kerala, India
Abstract
Seed quality is influenced by fruit size and position of seeds within the fruit. In Snake gourd variety “Baby”, large sized fruits recorded higher number of seeds (65.10) and 100 seed weight (28.72 g) than medium and small fruits. However, seed quality parameters viz germination per cent (80%), seedling length (23.00 cm) and vigour index (1842) were found to be high in seeds obtained from medium sized fruits when compared to large and small sized fruits. Studies on influence of seed position on fruit and seed characters showed variations. The middle region of small, medium and large sized fruits recorded significantly higher fruit weight (121.67g, 200.00g and 269.17g, respectively) compared to stylar region and pedicel region in Baby. Seed number and 100 seed weight was found to be highest in the middle region of fruits followed by stylar region and pedicel region. The germination percent, speed of germination, seedling length and vigour index of seedlings obtained from different regions of different sized fruits were found to be significantly different. Seeds of the middle region of different sized fruits (small, medium and large) recorded significantly higher germination percent (80, 84 and 83), speed of germination (8.74, 10.31 and 9.37), seedling length (21.95 cm, 23.62 cm and 23.12 cm) and vigour index of seedlings (1758, 1986 and 1910) followed by seeds of stylar region and pedicel region.

Rohit Kumar Dhobi, K Krishnakumary, T E George, V S Devadas and Rose Mary Francies*

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1121-1124
J Ajaykumar and L Krishna Naik
Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences (GKVK), Bengaluru - 560 065, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The combination of bioagents along with beneficial microorganisms like P solubilizers and N2 fixers as soil application is more effective in improving crop growth and in disease suppression as compared to uninoculated plants. The microbial inoculation of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium, Trichoderma viride has showed increased plant height, leaf area and least incidence of disease in hybrid castor. Use of Trichoderma viride as a biocontrol agent is found most effective in controlling Fusarium wilt in castor followed by Bacillus subtilis and saves the application of pesticides.

J Ajaykumar and L Krishna Naik

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1125-1128
H V Harishkumar, C O Dyavappa, V Venkataramana Reddy, Satishkumar and N Naveen
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences (GKVK), Bengaluru - 560 065, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Sericulture involves a series of activities from mulberry leaf production to silk and earning livelihoods for rural mass as well other dependents. The national level policies like an import duty reduction on silk reduce the cocoon prices at the local market, which in term worsens the situation of farmers. Recent changes in macro policies have evident that within a span of a week the cocoon prices were halved in local markets. Karnataka being the major producer of mulberry silk the changes in the area as well production of traditional belt and non-traditional belt were analyzed over a period of 10 years using CAGR. Results have shown that the area under mulberry is being reduced and negatively growing both in traditional (-4.09) as well non-traditional belt (-3.7). The cocoon production has recorded negative growth in non-traditional (-5.7) where as it has seen a meager positive growth in traditional (0.027) belt because of differences in productivity.

H V Harishkumar, C O Dyavappa, V Venkataramana Reddy, Satishkumar and N Naveen

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1129-1133
C Sangeetha, A S Krishnamoorthy and S Ramakrishnan*
Department of Plant Pathology, *Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
A study was conducted to test the nematicidal activities of bioactive molecules of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk) G. H. Sung et al. and O. neovolkiana (Kobayasi) G. H. Sung et al. against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. The experimental results revealed that the lowest egg hatching and the highest juvenile mortality were recorded with the methanolic extract of cell free culture (CFC) filtrate of O. sinensis followed by its mycelial extract and CFC filtrate of O. neovolkiana. At 1000 ppm concentration, the concoction of bioactive molecules of O. sinensis exhibited the maximum inhibition of egg hatching (94%) and juvenile mortality (92%) of M. Incognita at 72 hours of incubation. The comparative efficacy at 50 ppm was found to be on par with that of the recommended dose of carbofuran used at 15 ppm. Analytical estimates indicate the presence of increased levels of phenolic compounds in the methanolic extract of CFC filtrate and mycelium of O. sinensis and O. neovolkiana. GC-MS of CFC filtrate of O. sinensis exhibited the presence of 2-tert-Butyl-4-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, which might be responsible for the antinemic property against M. Incognita.

C Sangeetha, A S Krishnamoorthy and S Ramakrishnan*

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1134-1135
M Sampath Kumar, R Vasantha, G Shivacharan and K Supriya
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Prof. JayashankerTelangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
Abstract
Ex post facto research design was adopted in the present investigation. Karimnagar district of Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh state was purposively selected for the study as maximum budget is allotted by the Department of Agriculture, Government of Andhra Pradesh for this district among the other Telangana districts under farm mechanization. The study was conducted in 4 villages selected from 2 mandals of Karimnagar district, which included 30 farmers from each of the selected village, thus a sample of 120 farmers were selected for the study. The study clearly revealed that two farmer innovations and two modifications were documented in the study area. Difficulties in operating original implements, labour problems, non availability of original implements etc were found to be the important reasons expressed by innovators for innovating or modifying the implements. It is distressful to note that none of these farmer innovators made any efforts to disseminate these innovations to mass media. In spite of this, few farmers of surrounding villages who visited the innovator farm have adopted these innovations in their fields also. Efforts should be made by NGO’s and department of agriculture to identify such farmer innovators. They should be encouraged by announcing awards and rewards. These farmer innovations should be multiplied and disseminated by extension personnel.

M Sampath Kumar, R Vasantha, G Shivacharan and K Supriya

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1136-1138
T M Ananda Kumar and Sanjeeva Reddy
Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur - 584 104, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The bending stress, modulus of elasticity and cutting energy was measured for maize (Zea mays) stalk residue. The bending force was measured by a cantilever beam test in field at different moistures and at two different heights and different stalk girths, the bending stress and modulus of elasticity was determined from these data. The cutting energy was measured by using pendulum impact tester. The average bending stress at 25 and 50 cm stalk height was 22.39, 24.75, 28.78, 34.39 and 14.93, 18.76, 23.84, 29.58 MPa with moisture contents of 70, 50, 35 and 20 percent respectively. The modulus of elasticity decreases as the moisture content of the stalk girth increases. The average modulus of elasticity at 25 and 50 cm stalk height was 982, 1361.01, 1538.49, 1855.48 MPa and 2721.02, 3036.32, 3975.38, 4421.60 MPa with moisture content of 70, 50, 35 and 20 percent respectively. The cutting energy also determined for different stalk girths and moisture contents. The cutting energy is increased as the stalk girth and moisture content increases. The average cutting energy was 1328.97, 1946.57, 3156.2, 5231.97, 7048.27 and 9995.57 mJ at 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 mm stalk girths.

T M Ananda Kumar and Sanjeeva Reddy

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1139-1141
Savita Patel, Jitendra Trivedi, Dhananjay Sharma and Omesh Thakur
Department of Horticulutre, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
Genetic divergence was studied in 100 genotypes of dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L.). Yield and its contributing characters were measured by Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis. Hundred genotypes were grouped in five clusters on the basis of relative magnitude of D2 values. The intra and inter cluster distance were computed for all the clusters and the highest intra cluster distance was observed for cluster V. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between the cluster V and cluster I. Mean performance of individual cluster for different character were showed that cluster III is most suitable to select better genotypes for inflorescence length, number pod per inflorescence, number of pods per plant, green pod yield per plant and days to last pod harvest. Among the yield contributing characters, the maximum contribution towards divergence was made by pod length followed by days to first flowering, 10 pod weight and inflorescence length.

Savita Patel, Jitendra Trivedi, Dhananjay Sharma and Omesh Thakur

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1142-1144
Laxmi Bunkar and H K Awasthi
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
The present study was conducted during the year 2014-15 in four blocks of Surguja district of the Chhattisgarh State. Four villages were selected randomly from each selected block to make a total of 16 villages in the sample. Ten mustard growers were selected randomly from each selected village. Thus, the total 160 mustard growers were considered as respondents for this study. The practice wise adoption gap observed in recommended mustard production technology were use of improved variety (100%), method of sowing (100%), seed treatment (99.38%) and disease control (99.06%). The overall adoption gap combining all the practice was observed 61.42 percent in recommended mustard production technology. The independent variables studied viz education, land holding, source of irrigation, annual income, cosmopoliteness, scientific orientation, source of information, contact with extension personnel and knowledge level of recommended mustard production technology had negative and significant correlation with overall adoption gap of mustard growers whereas family size, caste, occupation and credit acquisition non-significantly correlated with adoption gap in recommended mustard production technology.

Laxmi Bunkar and H K Awasthi

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1145-1147
Pramod Katti and Shwetha Surpur
Department of Agricultural Entomology, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur - 584 104, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Field efficacy of new formulation of thiamethoxam 30 FS (Cruiser 30 FS) was evaluated against leafhopper, Amrasca biguttella biguttella (Ishida) and thrips Frankliniella schultzi which was compared with (Cruiser 70 WS) and other standards. The experiment was conducted during kharif 2009 and 2010 cropping season at Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur Karnataka, India. Cruiser 30 FS @ 10 ml/kg seeds was found to be very effective in reducing the pest population and providing higher yield compared to rest of the treatments.

Pramod Katti and Shwetha Surpur

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1148-1150
Thalesh Kumar Panigrahi, Sasmita Priyadarsini Dash and Pushpendra Singh Painkra
Department of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
Thirty six genotypes of ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis L. Voigt.) were planted in randomized block design with three replication at Horticultural Instructional cum Research Farm of Department of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during the summer-kharif 2014-15. Path coefficient analysis were carried out to study the character association and contribution, respectively for twelve characters namely vine length (cm), internodal length (cm), petiole length (cm), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm) fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), average fruit weight (g), number of fruits per plant, yield per plant (kg), TSS (°Brix), fruit volume (cc) and specific gravity (cc). Path coefficient analysis showed that average fruit weight followed by leaf width, number of fruits per plant and fruit diameter showed high positive and direct effect and had significant positive correlation with fruit yield per plant. The improvement in fruit yield can be effective if selection is based on average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and fruit diameter.

Thalesh Kumar Panigrahi, Sasmita Priyadarsini Dash and Pushpendra Singh Painkra

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1151-1153
J Gokulakrishnan, B Sunil Kumar and M Prakash
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, , Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram - 608 003, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to study the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity among twenty three genotypes of rice following the Mahalonobis D2 statistics. The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. Cluster III had the highest genotypes (8) followed by cluster I and V (4). The genotypes falling in cluster III (36.11) had the maximum divergence which was followed by cluster I (26.53) and cluster V (26.42). The inter cluster distance ranged from 15.20 to 122.00 as exhibited between cluster II and VI and cluster IV and VII, respectively. In the present study, parental lines selected from cluster IV recorded earliness in flowering and may serve as a suitable source for incorporation of earliness in other genotypes.

J Gokulakrishnan, B Sunil Kumar and M Prakash

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1154-1158
Phanindra Kumar Patel, Jitendra Trivedi, D Sharma, Bushara Anjum Khan and Bhavesh Patel
Department of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
The present study which consisted fifteen determinate genotypes of tomato, which was laid out in randomized block design with three replications during rabi season 2012-2013 at Research cum Horticulture Instructional Farm of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). Genotypic correlation coefficients were greater than phenotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters indicating strong inherent association between the various characters the traits. The coefficient of correlation of yield was found to be positive and significant with days to 50% flowering, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of calyx per fruit, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight per plant. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the fruit yield per plot, fruit weight per plant, number of calyx per fruit, number of locules per fruit, fruit length, days to 50% flowering, pericarp thickness, number of secondary branches, plant height, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, acidity and 1000 seed weight seem to be the major yield contributing traits in tomato.

Phanindra Kumar Patel, Jitendra Trivedi, D Sharma, Bushara Anjum Khan and Bhavesh Patel

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1159-1161
R V Kale, S A Paul, R T Shelke and A N Chimote
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture (Dr. PDKV), Nagpur - 440 010, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture, Nagpur during kharif season 2013 to study the efficacy of different post- emergence herbicides on weed management in soybean (Glycine max L.) grown on clayey soil. The treatment of two hand weedings at 15 DAS and 30 DAS being at par with the application of imazethapyr + Imazamox @ 43 g a i ha-1 at 10 DAS and Imazethapyr @ 75 g a i ha-1 at 10 DAS. These treatments were found more effective in controlling weeds throughout crop growth period and improving growth characters viz plant height, number of branches plant-1 and plant dry matter (g) significantly over rest of the treatments under study. Highest grain yield were obtained two hand weedings at 15 DAS and 30 DAS which were at par with the application of imazethapyr + Imazamox @ 43 g a i ha-1 at 10 DAS and Imazethapyr @ 75 g a i ha-1 at 10 DAS.

R V Kale, S A Paul, R T Shelke and A N Chimote

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1162-1165
Phanindra Kumar Patel, Jitendra Trivedi, D Sharma, Bushara Anjum Khan and Hitendra Kumar
Department of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur - 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
The present study which consisted fifteen determinate genotypes of tomato, which was laid out in randomized block design with three replications during rabi season 2012-2013 at Research cum Horticulture Instructional Farm of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). Analysis of variance indicated that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the characters. The high phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for number of secondary branches per plant, fruit yield per hectare, fruit yield per plot, numbers of fruits per plant, number of primary branches per plant, numbers of locules per fruit. High values of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for fruit weight, number of locules per plant, acidity, number of primary branches per plant, plant height number of secondary branches per plant, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plot.

Phanindra Kumar Patel, Jitendra Trivedi, D Sharma, Bushara Anjum Khan and Hitendra Kumar

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1166-1168
G Lavanya, P K Sahu* and G P Brahmaprakash
Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences (GKVK), Bengaluru - 560 065, Karnataka, India *National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, MAU, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
A laboratory experiment was conducted for developing a protocol, separation of compounds by chromatographic technique and screening antimicrobial compounds from selected medicinal plants; Lantana and Eupatorium. Antimicrobial compounds from these plants were screened for their antimicrobial activity against four bacteria and two test fungi. Plants were extracted with different polar (ethanol and ether) and non-polar (chloroform and hexane) solvents. TLC profiling of the plant extracts in different solvent system indicated the presence of different groups of phytochemicals in them. Terpenes, phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds were effective in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Compounds from plant extracts showed highest activity against plant pathogens tested. Ethanol solvent was found to be better solvent for purifying the compounds followed by the solvent chloroform.

G Lavanya, P K Sahu* and G P Brahmaprakash

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1169-1171
H C Nagaveni, C T Subbarayappa, V M Mahesh, D Shamir Khan and Adiveppa Mallappa Asangi
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences (GKVK), Bengaluru - 560 065, Karnataka, India
Abstract
A survey was conducted in the areca growing tracts of Davangere districts to assess the status of available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soils. The samples were belongs to sandy clay loam to sandy clay loam in texture, sand was dominant fraction in surface soils as well as sub-surface soils and the clay showed an increasing trend with the depth. The soils were neutral to alkaline in reaction with low EC and medium to higher content of organic carbon. Available nutrient status of nitrogen, potassium, sulphur were ranged between medium to high, phosphorus was ranged between low to high. Exchangeable calcium and magnesium were recorded higher than the critical limits.

H C Nagaveni, C T Subbarayappa, V M Mahesh, D Shamir Khan and Adiveppa Mallappa Asangi

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1172-1176
Debashre Bhattacharjee, Jayashree Bhattacharjee, Tapas Paul and Samik Chowdhury
Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR RC for NEH Region, Tripura Centre, Lambucherra - 799 210, Tripura, India
Abstract
The lower productivity of rice under jhum was due to non adoption of improved agronomic practices as efficient rain water management, no improved varieties, no intercultural operation as weeding, improper sowing, and no taking up sound plant protection measures. The improvement in the productivity level of upland jhum paddy can be improved to a greater extent by making suitable intervention in the existing practices. Among the interventions required in this regards are proper land preparation, seed and sowing including seed priming, participatory breeding work to improve the local strains of upland paddy, suitable blend of traditional knowledge and frontier technologies for eco-friendly low cost pest management. Among all these rice production methods in North east India, large no of farmers were adopted Jhum rice cultivation (1275) followed by paddy cultivation in terrace (859) and Panikheti production system (835). Area coverage also more in paddy cultivation in terrace (401) followed by Jhum rice cultivation (381) and Panikheti production system (276) while in terms of productivity paddy cum fish culture (4.28 t/ha) was most dominant among all production methods followed by paddy cultivation in terrace (4.14 t/ha) and Panikheti production system (3.96). Out of five different methods of rice cultivation paddy cum fish culture was the best method of cultivation followed by paddy cultivation in terrace and Panikheti rice production system. Among all improved varieties, Bhalum 1, Bhalum 2, Bhalum 3 and Bhalum 4 was most early maturing varieties while among in insect pest and disease management point of view RC Maniphou 4, RC Maniphou 5, RC Maniphou 6, RC Maniphou 7 and RC Maniphou 11 was the most important varieties. Among all varieties, RC Maniphou serious was most dominant followed by Lung nilaphou, NEH Megha Rice and Bhalum series.

Debashre Bhattacharjee, Jayashree Bhattacharjee, Tapas Paul and Samik Chowdhury

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1177-1178
V Prakash and Anilkumar
Department of Agricultural Economics, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, Uttara Khand, India
Abstract
The present study was carried out to examine the economics of system of rice intensification (SRI) and conventional method of rice cultivation in Karaikal district of Puducherry based on a total sample size of 65 farmers. The difference in cost of cultivation between these two methods is found to be almost negligible. The benefits of cost reduction in SRI method were not realized by the farmers following SRI method. Indeed the SRI method of rice cultivation showed its superiority through higher yield than conventional method was found from the study. From the present study it was found that there is higher net return in SRI over conventional method of rice cultivation. The study reveals the superiority in terms of economics in SRI method over conventional method of rice cultivation. There is possibility for farmers following SRI method can get higher benefits by reducing cost of cultivation using inputs efficiently. As the SRI method is newer to the farmers it may took some time period and needed more experience to attain higher benefits.

V Prakash and Anilkumar

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 6 - Issue : 5 ; 1179-1180
D Saritha and Y P Venkatasubbaiah
Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Y. S. R. Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to study the effect of 4 levels of castor cake (0, 4, 6 and 8 t ha-1) and 4 levels of nitrogen (0, 50%, 75% and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen). Application of castor cake at 8 t ha-1 and nitrogen at 100 percent recommended dose recorded significantly higher bulb length, bulb diameter, bulb weight and onion yield over rest of the treatments. Further the interaction between different levels of castor cake and nitrogen application revealed that castor cake at 8 t ha-1 in conjunction with 100 percent recommended dose of nitrogen recorded the highest bulb yield and was found on par with castor cake at 6 t ha-1 combined with 100 percent recommended dose of nitrogen and caster cake at 8 t ha-1 combined with 75 percent recommended dose of nitrogen.

D Saritha and Y P Venkatasubbaiah

| Published online : 13-Nov-2015