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P- ISSN: 0976-1675
E- ISSN: 2249-4538

© CARAS (Centre for Advanced Research in Agricultural Sciences)
NAAS Score: 4.56

Volume- 17 - July-August 2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 418–429
Ajaz A. Shah*1, Iflah Mushtaq2, Shabir-ur-Rehman3, Younis Ali Sofi4 and Showkat A. Bhat5
1 Mushroom Development Assistant, Demonstration cum Training Centre (DCTC), Department of Agriculture Production and Farmers Welfare, Pulwama - 192 305, Jammu and Kashmir, India 2 Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal - 190 006, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 3 Tissue Culture Laboratory, Integrated Mushroom Development Centre (IMDC), Lal Mandi, Srinagar - 190 008, Jammu and Kashmir, India 4 Spawn Production Laboratory, Integrated Mushroom Development Centre (IMDC), Lal Mandi, Srinagar - 190 008, Jammu and Kashmir, India 5 In-charge, Controlled Conditioned Cropping Room for Mushroom, Department of Agriculture Production and Farmers Welfare, Tral - 192 123, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
Mushroom cultivation has emerged as an important innovative agricultural enterprise for enhancing rural livelihoods, employment generation, and nutritional security in Jammu and Kashmir. The present study was conducted in Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir to assess the adoption attributes of mushroom cultivation technology among farmers. The study covered 189 Gram Panchayats distributed across 11 Community Development (CD) Blocks of the district, namely Aripal, Awantipora, Dadsara, Achgoza, Kakapora, Lassipora, Litter, Newa, Pampore, Pulwama, and Shadimarg. A total sample of 125 mushroom growers was selected through random sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured interview schedule and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score, and ranking methods. The findings revealed that mushroom cultivation was largely adopted due to its low land requirement, quick economic returns, employment generation potential, and suitability for small and marginal farmers. Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age group (46.40%), had secondary level education (32.80%), and possessed medium level adoption of mushroom production technology (58.40%). High profitability, market demand, and government support were identified as major motivating factors for adoption, while lack of technical knowledge, inadequate storage facilities, and marketing constraints were the major barriers. The study concludes that mushroom cultivation can significantly contribute towards sustainable agricultural diversification and livelihood enhancement in Pulwama district if proper extension support, training, and market infrastructure are strengthened.

Ajaz A. Shah*1, Iflah Mushtaq2, Shabir-ur-Rehman3, Younis Ali Sofi4 and Showkat A. Bhat5 Click here to download file

Research Review | Published online : 02-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 430–437
Priyanka Mashale1, Parashuram Patroti*2, Trupti Vhanamane1, Malika Nadaf2 and Sadaf Deshmukh2
1 School of life Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Kegaon, Solapur - 413 255, Maharashtra, India 2 ICAR - Indian Institute of Millets Research, Regional Station, Centre on Rabi Sorghum, Shelgi, Solapur - 413 006, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
In semi-arid areas, the yield of post-rainy (rabi) sorghum is significantly limited by the combined impact of terminal drought and key biotic stresses, such as stem borer, aphid, shoot bug and rust. This study assessed the success of conventional backcross breeding in enhancing yield and related traits by specifically introducing multi-stress tolerance into elite rabi sorghum varieties. Nineteen advanced backcross-derived lines (BC2F4), developed using six recurrent parents and seven trait-specific donor parents, were evaluated along with their respective parents during the Rabi 2024–25 at the Centre on Rabi Sorghum, ICAR–Indian Institute of Millets Research (ICAR-IIMR), Solapur, India, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for all agronomic and physiological traits, indicating substantial genetic variability generated through backcross breeding. Grain yield per plant ranged from 19.04 to 57.93 g with a population mean of 39.41 g, while panicle weight varied from 24.55 to 73.40 g. In the BC2F4 lines, several surpassed their recurrent parents, with the line BC2F4-4 {(BJV-44 × SLR-31) × BJV-44} achieving the highest grain yield of 57.93 g, representing an approximate 37.7% increase over its recurrent parent, which produced 42.07 g. Similarly, BC2F4-14 {(SPV-2217 × SLR-10) × SPV-2217} (52.01 g) and BC2F4-8 {(CSV-29R × SLR-10) × CSV-29R} (50.17 g) showed yield advantages of approximately 42.0% and 4.4%, respectively, over their corresponding recurrent parents. The harvest index ranged from 37.63% to 54.92%, with the superior lines exhibiting improved assimilate-partitioning efficiency. Physiological traits also showed significant variation, with relative water content ranging from 54.62% to 82.19% and SPAD values from 35.49 to 67.68. Lines such as BC2F4-18 {(Parbhani Jyoti × RNTT- 8-32) × Parbhani Jyoti} and BC2F4-19 {(BJV-44 × RNTN-13-37) × BJV-44} maintained a higher RWC (>77%) and stable chlorophyll content, indicating enhanced drought adaptive capacity. The superior performance of the selected BC2F4 lines, surpassing both recurrent and donor parents in terms of yield and physiological efficiency, indicates transgressive segregation and successful recombination of favorable alleles. Overall, this study demonstrated that conventional backcross breeding is an effective approach for improving the yield potential and stress resilience of rabi sorghum. The identified superior backcross-derived lines are promising candidates for near-isogenic line development and multilocation evaluation of varietal release.

Priyanka Mashale1, Parashuram Patroti*2, Trupti Vhanamane1, Malika Nadaf2 and Sadaf Deshmukh2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 03-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 438–440
H. J. Rajput*1, S. B. Dighule2, T. S. Lachyan3, N. M. Magar4 and T. S. Kamdi5
1 Breeder, All India Coordinated Research Project on Safflower, Solapur - 413 002, Maharashtra, India 2 Junior Research Fellow, DBT Network Project, AICRP on Safflower, Solapur - 413 002, Maharashtra, India 3 Junior Pathologist, All India Coordinated Research Project on Safflower, Solapur - 413 002, Maharashtra, India 4 Assistant Professor, Wheat Research Station, ARS, Niphad - 422 303, Maharashtra, India 5 Ph. D. Student, Department of Agricultural Botany, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri - 413 722, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
In order to investigate the “effect of varying temperature on growth and yield attributes of safflower” a total of 75 accessions was sown through normal sowing (N) and late sowing (L) at ZARS farm, AICRP on Safflower, Solapur during the year 2024-2025. These lines were evaluated alongside three national checks viz. A-1, PBNS-12, ISF-764 with main objective to identify the accessions suitable for normal as well as late sowing with least variation in the yield. The results showed that some entries exhibited more than 50% yield reduction, some entries showed more than 20% yield reduction. A total of six accessions recorded stable seed yield, with yield decrease of 1.30% – 14.80 % due to delayed sowing (16/11/2024) as compared to normal sowing (9/10/2024) and remaining all other accessions showed more than 15% yield reduction. Whereas the best check (ISF-764) recorded 14% decrease in seed yield. The variability in other yield attributing traits viz. Days to 50% flowering, Days to maturity, Plant height (cm), No. of capitulum/plant, No. of seeds/capitulum, 100-seed weight (g), Seed yield/plot was also studied. At normal sowing following accessions such as GMU-7886 & GMU-7909 showed 50% flowering at 70 Days, GMU-7521 and GMU-7519 matured at 121 days, GMU-7514 recorded 33.33 number of capitulum/plant. GMU-7869 showed maximum number of seeds/capitulum, GMU-7914 showed 100-seed weight of 6.38 gram. At Late sowing following accessions such as GMU-7886 & GMU-7909 showed 50% flowering at 70 Days, GMU-7521 and GMU-7519 matured at 121 days, GMU-7514 recorded 33.33 number of capitulum/plant. GMU-7869 showed maximum number of seeds/capitulum, GMU-7914 showed 100-seed weight of 6.38 gram. At late sowing, the least days to 50% flowering was recorded by GMU-7879 (53 days), GMU-7553, GMU-7885 and GMU-7873 matured in 113 days. Also, the highest number of capitulum per plant was 31 produced by GMU-7553, the highest number of seeds per capitulum of 33.33 was produced by GMU-7867, and the highest 100 seed weight of 7.3 g was produced by GMU-7877. From the study it can be concluded that, six accessions performed best among all other accessions in both normal as well as late sowing. With further study it can be recommended for late sowing.

H. J. Rajput*1, S. B. Dighule2, T. S. Lachyan3, N. M. Magar4 and T. S. Kamdi5 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 06-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 441–449
Meenakshi Tiwari1 and Suneeta Singh*2
1 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun - 248 001, Uttarakhand, India 2 Professor and Head, Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun - 248 001, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during 2022-23 and 2023-24 to evaluate the influence of integrated micronutrient nutrition through soil application on fruiting dynamics of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Langra at Matawala Bagh, School of Agricultural Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications comprising fifteen treatments. The treatment combinations included M₁: Control (RDF only); M₂: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₃: RDF + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₄: RDF + Copper sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₅: RDF + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₆: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₇: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Copper sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₈: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₉: RDF + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Copper sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₁₀: RDF + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₁₁: RDF + Copper sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₁₂: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Copper sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₁₃: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹; M₁₄: RDF + Boric acid @ 150 g tree⁻¹ + Zinc sulphate @ 150 g tree⁻¹ + Copper sulphate @ 150 g tree⁻¹ + Ferrous sulphate @ 150 g tree⁻¹; and M₁₅: RDF + Boric acid @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Zinc sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Copper sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹ + Ferrous sulphate @ 250 g tree⁻¹. The results revealed that soil application of micronutrients significantly influenced fruiting dynamics of mango cv. Langra. Among all the treatments, M₁₅ consistently performed best and recorded the highest number of fruits per panicle (10.34), fruit set per panicle (18.20%), number of fruits at the initial stage (16.00), number of fruits at the marble stage (5.34) and number of fruits at the pre-harvest stage (2.33). The treatment also recorded the lowest fruit drop per panicle (75.90%) indicating superior fruit retention and reduced fruit abscission.

Meenakshi Tiwari1 and Suneeta Singh*2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 08-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 450–454
Ramavath Nagasai Vardhan Naik*1, Biswarup Mehera2 and Joy Dawson3
1 Ph. D. Research Scholar, 2 Dean and 3 Head of Department, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences (Naini Agricultural Institute), Prayagraj - 211 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
During the kharif season of 2022–2023, a field experiment was carried out at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The yield attributes and yield of rice were significantly influenced by different nutrient and weed management practices. The number of panicles per unit area, which directly contributes to yield, was highest in 50% RDF + 50% vermicompost + two hand weedings (290.7 m-2). The number of grains per panicle was found maximum in treatment 50% RDF + 50% FYM + two hand weedings (153.9), whereas the minimum was observed in 50% RDF + 50% FYM + weedy check. This indicates that FYM-based treatments also contributed to better grain filling. The test weight was highest in 50% RDF + 50% FYM + two hand weedings (22.8 g), suggesting improved grain development under FYM-based nutrient management. The grain yield, being the ultimate economic produce, was significantly influenced by treatments. The highest grain yield (5949 kg/ha) was recorded in 50% RDF + 50% vermicompost + two hand weedings, whereas the lowest yield (3657 kg/ha) was recorded in 50% RDF + 50% FYM + weedy check. The maximum estimated yield was recorded in treatment T5 (50% RDF + 50% vermicompost + two hand weedings) with a value of 9719 kg/ha. The yield gap, defined as the difference between potential yield and actual realized yield, was also found to be highest in treatment 50% RDF + 50% vermicompost + two hand weedings (3811 kg/ha). On the other hand, the 50% RDF + 50% FYM + weedy check recorded comparatively lower estimated yield and yield gap due to poor crop performance.

Ramavath Nagasai Vardhan Naik*1, Biswarup Mehera2 and Joy Dawson3 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 09-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 455–461
Tariq Ahmad Parray*1, Noor Ul Islam Wani2 and Lyaqet Ali3
1 Division of Agriculture Extension and Communication, Faculty of Horticulture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025, Jammu and Kashmir, India 2 Directorate of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and farmer’s Welfare, Lalmandi Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 3 Directorate of Extension, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
Despite the high economic potential of walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivation in Jammu and Kashmir, India with J&K contributing ~98% of national walnut exports the sector confronts a range of structural, institutional, and technical constraints that impede productivity, profitability, and enterprise expansion. This paper presents a systematic analysis of constraints faced by 110 walnut growers in Kupwara district, the leading walnut-producing district of North Kashmir, selected by proportionate allocation sampling from 27 villages across 9 horticultural zones. Data were collected through personal interviews using a structured interview schedule. Results reveal that irregular and unplanned orchard layout (97.27%) and non-availability of dehulling machines (94.54%) are the most widespread constraints, followed by lack of quality planting material (88.18%), poor awareness of high-density walnut production (78.18%), and price fluctuations/distress sales (77.27%). Poor marketing facilities (72.27%), inadequate financial and technical support from the horticulture department (70.90%), hard-shell nut types (45.45%), bird damage (30.00%), and harvesting risk (13.63%) were also documented. Constraints were categorized into five thematic clusters: infrastructure, market, technical/knowledge, policy/institutional, and biotic/abiotic factors. Evidence-based, multi-level intervention strategies are proposed to address each constraint cluster and unlock the sector's demonstrated economic potential.

Tariq Ahmad Parray*1, Noor Ul Islam Wani2 and Lyaqet Ali3 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 11-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 462–465
Aftab Ahmad Khan*¹, Noor Ul Islam Wani2, M. A. Beigh3 and Abid Tariq4
1 Project Team Lead, Indian Society of Agribusiness Professionals (ISAP) India Foundation, Jammu and Kashmir, India 2 Agriculture Extension Officer, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Jammu and Kashmir, India 3 Ex-Professor, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 4 Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
Apple is the predominant fruit crop of the Kashmir Valley, accounting for nearly 98 per cent of total fruit production, with Sopore fruit mandi serving as one of its principal wholesale assembly markets. Marketing efficiency and the pace of adoption of recommended practices among growers are strongly conditioned by their underlying socio-economic profile. The present study was undertaken on a random sample of 150 registered apple fruit growers (20 per cent of the total registered growers) drawn from the Fruit Growers' Association list at Sopore fruit mandi, Baramulla district, Jammu & Kashmir, using a pre-tested interview schedule administered during October-November 2015. Results revealed that a majority of growers (56.66%) belonged to the middle-age category (39-55 years), 31.33 per cent had attained 10+2 level education, 48.67 per cent had a medium-sized family (7-10 members), 51.33 per cent fell in the medium annual-income bracket (Rs 1,40,001-2,60,000), 60.00 per cent operated small land holdings (up to 1.3 ha), and 50.66 per cent had low experience (up to 13 years) in apple cultivation. These findings indicate a grower population that is predominantly smallholder, moderately educated and in the early-to-mid stage of its farming career, underscoring the need for targeted extension and marketing-support interventions calibrated to this profile.

Aftab Ahmad Khan*¹, Noor Ul Islam Wani2, M. A. Beigh3 and Abid Tariq4 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 13-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 466–471
Tariq Ahmad Parray*1, Noor Ul Islam Wani2 and Lyaqet Ali3
1 Division of Agriculture Extension and Communication, Faculty of Horticulture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025, Jammu and Kashmir, India 2 Directorate of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and farmer’s Welfare, Lalmandi Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 3 Directorate of Extension, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
Understanding the socio-economic characteristics of walnut growers is a foundational prerequisite for designing effective agricultural extension programmes. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the socio-economic and personal profile of 110 walnut growers selected by proportionate allocation sampling from nine horticultural zones across 27 villages in Kupwara district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study employed an ex-post facto research design using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Results reveal that walnut cultivation in the district is dominated by older farmers (66.36%), most of whom are literate (84.54%) with educational levels ranging from primary to middle school. Landholdings are predominantly small (<1 ha: 68.19%), income levels are low (83.64% earn ≤ ₹5 lakh/year), and farming experience is largely medium (21-30 years: 42.72%). The sector is critically under-served by extension: 82.73% of respondents reported low extension contacts and 69.01% had never attended any training programme. Agriculture combined with horticulture and dairy constitutes the primary livelihood for 44.50% of respondents. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted extension outreach strategies, especially for youth engagement, training intensification, and improved information access to revitalize the walnut enterprise in Kupwara district.

Tariq Ahmad Parray*1, Noor Ul Islam Wani2 and Lyaqet Ali3 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 15-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 472–476
Aftab Ahmad Khan*¹, Noor Ul Islam Wani2, Mushtaq Ahmad Beigh3 and Abid Tariq4
1 Project Team Lead, Indian Society of Agribusiness Professionals (ISAP) India Foundation, Jammu and Kashmir, India 2 Agriculture Extension Officer, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Jammu and Kashmir, India 3 Ex-Professor, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 4 Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
Timely and reliable market information is central to a fruit grower's ability to negotiate prices, time sales and adopt recommended marketing practices. This study examined the sources of information used by registered apple fruit growers marketing their produce through Sopore fruit mandi, Baramulla district, Kashmir. Data was collected from a random sample of 150 registered growers using a pre-tested interview schedule, and the frequency and percentage of growers availing each of twelve identified sources were computed and ranked. Radio emerged as the most widely used source (92.00%, Rank I), followed by television (72.66%, Rank II), the Horticulture Development Officer (69.33%, Rank III), the Area Marketing Officer (60.00%, Rank IV) and neighbours (43.33%, Rank V). Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICT tools/mobile advisory services, Kisan Melas, progressive farmers, newspapers, farmer's friends and university scientists followed in descending order of utilization, with university scientists being the least-used source (10.66%, Rank XII). The predominance of mass-media and local-official sources over formal scientific channels highlights an opportunity to strengthen last-mile linkages between research institutions and growers through the very channels growers already trust.

Aftab Ahmad Khan*¹, Noor Ul Islam Wani2, Mushtaq Ahmad Beigh3 and Abid Tariq4 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 16-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 477–480
Braj Kishor Prasad Singh*1 and Prabal Chatterjee2
1 University Department of Zoology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur - 842 001, Bihar, India 2 Ramdayalu Singh College, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur - 842 001, Bihar, India
Abstract
The present research work was planned to gather information pertaining to honey bee pollinators Apis mellifera and Api florea, for their foraging duration while visiting different cultivars of Brassica. Following locally suited procedures the crops were grown in a plot of 2m x 4m, located at Mushari block of Muzaffarpur district, Bihar. Four observations were made on different dates at weekly interval during morning and evening hours for two consecutive years 2022-23 and 2023-24. The result suggested that Brassica juncea var. Raya was most preferred by both the Apis mellifera and Apis florea. Among Raya cv. Varuna, among Tori cv. Panchali and among Sarson cv. Jhumka was most preferred by Apis species. The minimum duration of foraging was observed on cv. Pushabold among Ray, cv. T-9 among Tori and cv. Swarna among Sarson variety in case of both Apis mellifera and Apis florea. During both the years the effects of species, variety and interaction effects of species x variety on foraging behaviours of Apis species were significant (P = 0.05). On the other hand, effects of year, and interaction effects of year x species, year x variety and year x species x variety were non- significant (p >0.05).

Braj Kishor Prasad Singh*1 and Prabal Chatterjee2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 18-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 481–487
Anu Kurian*1 and K. Ajith Kumar2
1 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur - 680 654, Kerala, India 2 Associate Director of Research, RARS, Ambalavayal, Kerala Agricultural University - 673 593, Kerala, India
Abstract
A research trial was carried out in the experimental field of Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala during two seasons (2016-2018) to evaluate the spacing on growth and yield of strawberry cultivar Winter Dawn. One month old tissue culture plants of strawberry cv. Winter Dawn were planted in open field on raised beds of size 2.1m x 1.6m during last week of September. The design of experiment was randomized block design (RBD) with six treatments and 4 replications. Six different spacings viz., 30cm x 60cm, 30cm x 50cm, 30cm x 40cm, 30cm x 30cm, 30cm x 20cm, 20cm x 20cm were studied using cv. Winter Dawn. Among the different spacings, 20cm x 20cm (T6) recorded maximum vegetative attributes, number of flowers, fruits and yield per plant (100.03 g). Quality parameters such as TSS and TSS/acidity ratio were found to be maximum in fruits harvested from plants grown at a spacing of 30cm x 50cm (T2) whereas maximum ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content were recorded under spacing of 30cm x 60cm (T1).

Anu Kurian*1 and K. Ajith Kumar2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 20-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 488–495
Shivashankaragouda Patil*1, S. A. Desai2, Suma S. Biradar3, J. R. Diwan4, Krishnaraj P. U.5 Basvaraja B. Bagewadi6, Harshitha Kumar7, Ratnakala B8, Abhishek V Karadagi1 and Poojarani Malagatti9
1 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India 2-4 Professor, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India 5 Professor, Department of Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Dharwad, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India 6 Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Dharwad, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India 7 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of agricultural Sciences, Raichur -584 104, Karnataka, India 8 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India 9 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Drought stress severely restricts wheat productivity by impairing physiological and metabolic processes, necessitating the exploration of microbe-assisted strategies for enhancing tolerance. This study investigated the genotype-specific responses of twenty bread and durum wheat genotypes to Actinobacteria under controlled moisture-stress conditions. Seeds were treated with two Actinobacteria isolates (AUDT 545 and AUDT 862), a microbial consortium of both isolates and a microbe-untreated control. After 25 days of regular irrigation, drought stress was imposed by withholding water, reducing soil moisture to 9%. Biochemical traits (proline, total soluble sugars, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity) and root architectural parameters (root length, volume, surface area and diameter) were quantified to assess stress adaptation. The microbial consortium elicited the most pronounced improvements in osmotic adjustment, antioxidant activity and root system development, with distinct variation among genotypes. The findings highlight the potential of Actinobacteria-based inoculants particularly consortium formulations to enhance drought resilience in wheat through coordinated biochemical and root architectural modifications.

Shivashankaragouda Patil*1, S. A. Desai2, Suma S. Biradar3, J. R. Diwan4, Krishnaraj P. U.5 Basvaraja B. Bagewadi6, Harshitha Kumar7, Ratnakala B8, Abhishek V Karadagi1 and Poojarani Malagatti9 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 22-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 496–504
B. Sangeetha*1
1 Guest Lecturer, Dr. Ambedkar Arts and Science College, Vyasarpadi, Chennai - 600 039, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has placed significant pressure on conventional biomedical healthcare systems, prompting a critical shift toward plant-derived therapeutic alternatives. This study establishes a comparative baseline by evaluating the taxonomic, ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and in vitro antibacterial profiles of four tropical plant species: Justicia adhatoda (Acanthaceae), Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), Madhuca longifolia (Sapotaceae), and Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae). Standardized cold maceration extraction protocols were employed, partitioning the leaves of these species with solvents of varying polarities, specifically nonpolar petroleum ether and highly polar distilled water. Antibacterial susceptibility was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against key clinical isolates, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The experimental results indicate a statistically significant, concentration-dependent inhibitory response across all treatments as extract volumes increased from 25 µL to 100 µL. Lipophilic petroleum ether fractions consistently exhibited greater antibacterial activity than hydrophilic aqueous counterparts across most bacterial targets. Petroleum ether leaf extracts of Madhuca longifolia demonstrated the highest potency, producing a maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 15 mm against the multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the 100 µL concentration, followed by Proteus vulgaris at 14 mm. The petroleum ether extract of Lantana camara achieved a maximum ZOI of 14 mm, while both Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum basilicum reached a ZOI ofṄ 13 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microscopic and literature-based structural analyses suggest that these differences are attributable to variations in bacterial cell membrane structure and the solubility profiles of major secondary metabolites, including quinazoline alkaloids, lantadenes, saponins, and complex polyphenolics. This comparative study supports the validity of traditional ethnomedicinal systems and provides a biochemical framework for isolating targeted compounds to address antimicrobial resistance.

B. Sangeetha*1 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 27-Jul-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 505–509
Kehokhunu*1, T. Gohain2 and Rinu Sakhong3
1, 3 Ph. D. Scholars, Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema - 797 106, Nagaland, India 2 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema - 797 106, Nagaland, India
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024 at the experimental farm of the Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, to evaluate the effect of zinc application methods on growth, yield and grain zinc enrichment, under Nagaland soil condition. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. Treatments included control, recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), seed priming with 2% ZnSO₄, soil application of ZnSO₄ at 15 kg ha⁻¹, and their combinations with foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO₄ at maximum tillering, panicle initiation, and grain-filling stages. Result of the experiment revealed that zinc significantly improved growth, yield and Zn content across the growing seasons of 2023 and 2024, as well as in the pooled analysis. The result indicates that zinc priming, along with foliar application at different growth stages enhanced plant population m-2, grain yield and harvest index. However, CGR was more effective with the incorporation of soil zinc application + foliar application at different growth stages, which can be considered an effective way to enhance vegetative growth, and ultimately, the straw yield. Foliar application has also reportedly enhanced grain zinc concentration, specifically by soil application and additional spray at the grain filling stage.

Kehokhunu*1, T. Gohain2 and Rinu Sakhong3 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 01-Aug-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 510–515
Khadija Mika Dawud1, Ashutosh K. Pandey*2 and Chongtham Allaylay Devi3
1 Department of Agricultural Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida - 201 310, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Department of Life Sciences, School of Bio Science and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida - 201 310, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University, Noida - 201 313, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
The strategy of tolerance and heavy metal accumulation capacity of two Brassica sp., Brassica carinata and Brassica rapa was investigated with a particular focus on Cd, Cr and Zn. Each of the heavy metals was added to agricultural topsoil at five levels (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 mg kg-1), in a pot experiment. In this experiment, 15 pots of each Brassica carinata and Brassica rapa plants were grown for 60 days. Both species displayed retarded germination, with Brassica carinata having a significant decrease in germination percentage eat the highest metal concentration (300 mg/kg) and Brassica rapa seemingly increasing in germination percentage at higher metal concentrations. Brassica carinata and Brassica rapa showed a consistent decrease in (0.05 to 0.04 cm/day) as the heavy metal concentration increased, and significant decrease in relative growth rate was seen for the highest concentration as compared to control. The stress tolerance index showed a marked decrease in plant size for Brassica carinata and no changes for Brassica rapa, highlighting its tolerance to heavy metal toxic condition. The root length did not change significantly in both species while the leaf area increased with the soil treatment levels, suggesting that both species are tolerant to higher levels of heavy metals. The results revealed that both species, Brassica rapa in particular, showed high tolerance and accumulation potential of non-essential heavy metals, indicating their potential as hyper accumulator and their support to sustainable soil management for ecofriendly and cost-effective remediation of heavy metal polluted soil.

Khadija Mika Dawud1, Ashutosh K. Pandey*2 and Chongtham Allaylay Devi3 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 03-Aug-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 516–520
D. J. Chaudhari*1 and Alpesh K. Leua2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Social Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari - 396 450, Gujarat, India 2 Professor, Department of Social Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari - 396 450, Gujarat, India
Abstract
The minimum support price (MSP) plays an important role in determining the acreage under the crop and provide incentive to the farmers for more production of crops. Pulse are the important crops grown in Gujarat state which influenced by the MSP. The present investigation aimed to study the effectiveness of MSP for major pulse crops in Gujarat state. For this purpose, two major pulses viz. Gram and Tur selected and the secondary data on MSP, FHP, cost of production, area and production collected for the period 2001-02 to 2021-22 from published reports of GoI. The analysis of data was done by using exponential trend equation, linear regression equation and the gap between MSP and FHP found out by calculating MAPD and MAND. The results of study showed that the percentage production, yield, cost of production, FHP and MSP of Tur and Gram in Gujarat state increased during the study period except area under Tur. The area, production, yield, cost of production, FHP and MSP of Tur and Gram increased significantly over the period under study except the area under tur declined significantly. The lagged cost of production, FHP and MSP showed non-significant effect on the area and production of Tur while lagged MSP of Gram significantly affected on the area and production of Gram in Gujarat state during the study period. During last decade from 2011-12 to 2021-22 the MSP for Tur and Gram were higher than FHP in Gujarat state. The years with positive deviation found with higher frequency than the negative deviation in FHP and MSP for tur and Gram. Thus, it was observed that the price policy for Tur and Gram in Gujarat state was effective during the period 2001-2010 while onward 2011 the effectiveness of price policy was less. This situation indicated the need for effective procurement system of pulses in the state at MSP which provide support to the farmers and encourage them to take more production of pulses.

D. J. Chaudhari*1 and Alpesh K. Leua2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 05-Aug-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 521–524
Ankita Jain1, Urvashi Soni2 and Poonam Dehariya*3
1-3 Mushroom Biology Lab, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar - 470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) is an important tropical edible mushroom recognized for its nutritional value, texture, prolonged shelf life and suitability for cultivation under warm environmental conditions. Unlike many temperate mushrooms Calocybe indica can be cultivated effectively at relatively higher temperatures making it particularly promising for tropical and subtropical regions. Its productivity is strongly influenced by the composition and quality of the spawn quality, substrate, supplementation, moisture content, temperature, RH humidity and management of fruiting conditions. Crop residues like wheat, paddy, maize, sugarcane straw and other lignocellulosic materials can serve as potential substrates for its cultivation, providing an opportunity for converting agro-wastes into valuable food products. This study summarizes the major aspects of milky mushroom cultivation with particular emphasis on substrate selection and preparation, spawning, environmental requirements, fruiting, biological efficiency, yield optimization, nutritional composition, cultivation constraints and prospects for commercial production of milky mushrooms. The review also highlights the importance of sustainable substrate utilization and improved cultivation practices for enhancing productivity while reducing agricultural waste. Further research on strain improvement, substrate optimization, supplementation, environmental control, post-harvest technology, and value-added products may contribute to the wider commercialization of Calocybe indica.

Ankita Jain1, Urvashi Soni2 and Poonam Dehariya*3 Click here to download file

Research Review | Published online : 14-Aug-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 525–528
Bhupender Singh*1 and Ram Karan Gaur2
1 Saina Nehwal Institute of Agricultural Technology, Training and Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India 2 Krishi Vigyan Kender (CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar), Rohtak - 124 001, Haryana, India
Abstract
Shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.) is recognized as one of the most destructive pests of okra, causing substantial losses in marketable fruit yield. In view of its economic importance and reports of resistance development against various conventional insecticides, laboratory bioassays were undertaken to evaluate the baseline toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and λ-cyhalothrin against second instar larvae of Earias vittella. Both insecticides exhibited pronounced toxicity, with larval mortality increasing in a dose-dependent manner 24 hours after treatment. Probit analysis estimated the LC50 and LC90 values of chlorantraniliprole as 7.62 and 46.22 ppm, respectively, whereas those of λ-cyhalothrin were 3.57 and 23.88 ppm. On the basis of LC50 values, λ-cyhalothrin was observed to be 2.13 times more toxic than chlorantraniliprole to second instar larvae of Earias vittella. These results provide useful baseline toxicity information for future resistance monitoring and judicious insecticide selection for effective management of Earias vittella.

Bhupender Singh*1 and Ram Karan Gaur2 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 21-Aug-2026

Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol : 17 - Issue : 4 ; 529–535
James Dev Verma*1
1 Department of Geography, Swami Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur - 799 211, West Tripura, India
Abstract
North-East India exhibits marked diversity in physiography, land resources and farming systems, resulting in distinct agricultural land-use patterns across its eight states. Despite its importance, comprehensive assessment of recent structural changes in agricultural land use remains limited. The present study analyses agricultural land-use transformation in North-East India during 2014-15 to 2023-24 using official data from Land Use Statistics at a Glance. A comparative analysis based on absolute and percentage changes was employed to examine changes in major land-use categories and indicators of agricultural intensification. The results indicate that recorded forest area remained largely stable, whereas land under non-agricultural uses expanded in most states. Other uncultivated land generally declined, although the magnitude of change varied considerably across the region. Changes in fallow land, net sown area, gross cropped area and cropping intensity also revealed pronounced inter-state differences. The findings suggest that agricultural transformation in North-East India has been driven more by changes in land-use composition and the intensity of land utilization than by expansion of the cultivated land base. The study provides recent empirical evidence to support sustainable land-use planning, agricultural resource management and balanced regional development in North-East India.

James Dev Verma*1 Click here to download file

Research Article | Published online : 24-Aug-2026