Agriculture remains a fundamental pillar of global food security and rural livelihoods, yet the intensification of conventional farming through heavy reliance on synthetic inputs has led to significant environmental degradation, including soil depletion, water contamination, biodiversity loss, and climate change impacts. In response, organic farming has emerged as a sustainable alternative that emphasizes ecological balance, resource conservation, and the avoidance of synthetic chemicals. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development, principles, and modern applications of organic farming, highlighting its evolution from traditional practices to a scientifically validated agricultural system. It discusses key components such as soil health management, biodiversity conservation, ecological balance, animal welfare, and sustainable resource use, which collectively contribute to long-term agricultural sustainability. The study also examines the role of organic farming in modern agriculture, including the integration of emerging technologies, improved crop varieties, and efficient resource management techniques. Furthermore, a comparative analysis between the Green Revolution and organic farming is presented, emphasizing the trade-offs between productivity and sustainability. The environmental benefits of organic farming, including enhanced soil fertility, improved water quality, and climate change mitigation, are also explored, alongside the challenges of lower yields, higher labor requirements, and certification constraints. Overall, organic farming is identified as a holistic and resilient approach that integrates traditional knowledge with modern innovations, offering a viable pathway toward sustainable agricultural development and long-term food security.